• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.90-109
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• 2016

This study aims to investigate the flora of Mt. Cheonma (Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea), including Korean endemic, rare and endangered plants. To support the biodiversity and usefulness of this investigation, we checked the red list plants, floristic regional indicator plants, climate change adaptation target plants and naturalized plants, and compared composition of plant species in Mt. Cheonma with nearby mountains. Totally, we performed 22 field investigations from April 2012 to October 2014. The number of vascular plants in this region is 433 taxa and comprised of 94 families, 266 genera, 378 species, 2 subspecies, 46 varieties, and 7 forms. Among them, there are 13 endemic plants designated by Korean Forest Service, whereas only 10 taxa are endemic species by Korean Ministry of Environment (KME). According to the IUCN criteria, there are 12 rare and endangered plants composed of 9 Least Concerned (LC), 2 Vulnerable species (VU), and one Endangered species (EN) found by Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Meanwhile, 8 taxa including 7 Least Concerned (LC) were found in Red List of KME. The floristic regional indicator plants designated by KME were 49 taxa. In addition, there are 14 taxa in The Adaptable to Climate Change Plant List designated by KNA, while only 19 taxa are naturalized plants. Generally, there are 190 common taxa in Gwangju Mountains area, and only 51 taxa are distributed in Mt. Cheonma.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.342-356
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• 2014

This study aims to provide the fundamental data for restoration through the analysis of vegetation structure characteristic for managed area with deforest and fumigation among the places damaged by oak wilt disease in Bukhansan National Park. Study areas were selected in six damaged areas with 18 plots ($20m{\times}20m$) including comparing plots between year 2006 and year 2011 after preliminary study finding the exact location with easy access. Analysis items are density and coverage of under story layer, Importance Percentage of under story layer and Importance Percentage of urban adapted species and alien species. As a result, density and coverage under the canopy layer's vegetation was higher than comparing plot in Musugol valley and Soquicheon valley which 4 years and more passed. And Wondobong, Darakwon, Doseonsa and Dobong valley which had not been passed 3 years after deforestation and fumigation decreased in those of vegetation. However, the plots in Wondobong and Doseonsa was analyzed to be higher in density of shrubs than comparing plot. In terms of distirbution of species in under canopy layer which is grown as a upper vegetation, Quercus serrata and Sorbus alnifolia dominated each other in under canopy layer except for Wondobong and Darakwon. Wondobong continuously maintained Quercus mongolica and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora dominated in under canopy layer of Darakwon. S. alnifolia which is Urban adapted species were distributed in most study areas. In terms of alien species, Magnolia obovata and Robinia pseudoacacia were newly intruded in the opened crown, and Pueraria thunbergiana was distributed in Soquicheon valley. As the result of soil analysis, acidification(pH 4.49) and low level of organic matter(3.23%), available phosphate(1.40mg/kg) and exchangeable cation were analyzed and it was considered that those environment poorly support the vegetation growth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2007

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional community life near the vicinity of a village. This study is done by surveying the vegetation and flora at the village grove situated at the former location for the US military camp. Through such data collected from this study, this researcher could have access to preliminary data needed for restoration project & preservation of not only the village grove surveyed but also the village grove of its neighboring district. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 2 families, 2 genuses, 1 species, and 1 variety, totalling to 2 taxa; a Gymnosperm of 2 families, 2 genuses, 3 species, totalling to 3 taxa; in the realm of an Angiosperm, a Monocotyledon consisting of 5 families, 10 genuses, and 11 species, totalling to 11 taxa; Dicotyledoneal consisting of 24 families, 39 genuses, 40 species, and 3 varieties, totalling to 43 taxa, thus revealing 33 families, 53 genuses, 55 species, 4 varieties and 59 taxa in total. Urbanization index(4.2%) and Naturalization ratio(20.3%) showed a relatively higher numerical value than those of other districts. The vegetation unit comprising a village grove is classified Into the four community units, such as Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata community, and Rosa multiflora community. Quercus serrata community is of a community type dominated by Quercus serrata, in place of Pinus densiflora selected by natural succession, which shows relatively superior lighting adaptability and was surveyed to grow up on not only a tree layer but also a sub-tree layer. With the recent appearance of industrialization, the use of a village grove is reducing due to villagers' leaving, decrease in the number of households, and urbanization; consequently, there came out a pattern of succession to Quercus serrata community, which could be assumed to be potential natural vegetation of this district, after passing through the process of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.284-293
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• 2016

In order to assess th changes in vegetation characteristics over time in the forest-lands which is isolated by urbanization, vegetation surveys based on the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method was carried out in 1996 and 2015 on Mt. Hwangyeong located in the center of Busan metropolitan city, South Korea. The number of vegetation types based on floristic composition showed no significant changes, the vegetation units under the community levels was more or less represents the difference. the average total vegetation cover and average number of species per unit area ($100m^2$) was increased 16% and 2 species, respectively. The relative importance value (RIV) for each tree species, Quercus spp. like as Q. mongolica and Q. serrata was decreased, while the warmth-tolerant trees, evergreen broad-leaved trees, and mesophyte like Lindera erythrocarpa, Styrax japonica, Osmanthus heterophyllus, and Stephanandra incisa was increased significantly. Changes of the life form spectrums of vascular plants did not substantially, hemicryptophyte(H) and therophyte (Th) was decreased, while nanophanerophyte(N) was increased significantly. Also through the creating of large-scale vegetation map (based on physiognomic vegetation types) was compared the spatial distribution characteristics of each vegetation types.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.355-378
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• 2019

We investigated the flora of vascular plants in Mt. Papyeong which is located in the northern part of Paju and the border of western DMZ through 13 surveys from April 2016 to August 2019. The vascular plants of Mt. Papyeong include 410 taxa; 361 species, 9 subspecies, 36 varieties, and 4 forms from 257 genera of 91 families. Among 410 taxa, we characterize endemic species, rare and endangered plants, floristic regional indicator plants, and climate change adapted plants in Korea. Specifically, there are 9 Korean endemic plants designated by Korea National Arboretum and 6 taxa by Korean Ministry of Environment. According to IUCN evaluation, there are 13 rare and endangered plants in Mt. Papyeong. On the other hand, 2 taxa were listed in a red list suggested by Korean Ministry of Environment. The floristic regional indicator plants include 46 taxa which are composed of 2 species of IV degree, 13 taxa of III degree, 11 taxa of II degree, and 20 taxa of I degree. Also, 27 naturalized plants were identified, and the percentage of Naturalized Index (NI) and Urbanization Index (UI) were 6.58%, and 8.43%, respectively. We hope that this investigation provide a valuable data for applying the further studies on the biodiversity and strategy of conservation of environment in the DMZ and Paju areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.241-263
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• 2016

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants on Mt. Seokbyeongsan (1,055 m) and provide a basis for the conservation and management of plant resources. The vascular plants were surveyed from March to October 2015. The flora on Mt. Seokbyeongsan was classified as follows: 102 families, 295 genera, 454 species, 4 subspecies, 51 varieties, 7 forms, and a total of 516 taxa. Endemic plants included 17 families, 24 genera, 25 species, 1 variety, and a total of 26 taxa. The Korea Forest Service assignment of rare plants, including 21 families, 33 genera, 33 species, 3 varieties, and a total of 36 taxa, was investigated. Moreover, the Ministry of Environment assignment of rare plants, including 13 families, 17 genera, 17 species, 1 variety, and a total of 18 taxa, was investigated. Floristic special plants in the surveyed area were divided into five classes (Classes I-V): 42 taxa of Class I, 26 taxa of Class II, 35 taxa of Class III, 20 taxa of Class IV, and 9 taxa of Class V for a total of 132 taxa. Naturalized plants were 18 taxa, and plants threatened by climate change were 48 taxa.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.345-356
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• 2017

The composting is a biological process that converts organic matter into useful resources such as fertilizers. It is a continuous transition of microbial communities to adapt changes in organic matter and environmental conditions (carbonation rate, temperature, humidity, oxygen supply, pH, etc.). Most of the composting plants are located in the proximity of the residential areas. It is a general scenario where government authorities receive complaints from the local residents due to release of odor from the composting, and has become a social problem in Korea. Identification of dominant microorganisms, understanding change in microbial communities and augmentation of specific microorganism for composting is vital to enhance the efficiency of composting, quality of the compost produced, and reduction of odor. In this paper, we suggest the optimum operation conditions and methods for compost depot to reduce odor generation. The selection of the appropriate microorganisms and their rapid increase in population are effective to promote composting. The optimal growth conditions of bacteria such as aeration (oxygen), temperature, and humidity were standardized to maximize composting through microbial degradation. The use of porous minerals and moisture control has significantly improved odor removal. Recent technologies to reduce odor from the composting environment and improved composting processes are also presented.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.644-658
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• 2021

Understanding the functional traits of dominant species in urban ecosystems provides insight into species' trait adaptation and ecosystem function in response to fragmented and isolated urban vegetation and reduced biological interactions. This study compared means and variances of environmental factors (geographic, meteorological, and soil attributes) and 4 leaf traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry mass content, and leaf shape index) and 7 reproductive traits (fruit width, fruit length, fruit shape, fruit dry weight, fruit dry matter content, seed weight, and seed ratio) measured of 40 Sorbus alnifolia individuals in four mountainous areas south of Seoul downtown, South Korea. We then performed the multivariate analysis of trait combinations. While the measured environmental factors indicated the individuality of the survey sites, the urban vegetation was drier and had a longer growth period. The leaves of S. alnifolia in the urban areas were smaller and heavier, and the fruits produced longer and lighter seeds, showing the traits affected by long urbanization. The study confirmed changes in the growth and reproduction mechanism of the S. alnifolia population under the urban environment, indicating reduced biological interaction due to vegetation fragmentation and isolation. This study provides limited but distinct ecological information about the function and persistence of key species in cities with a reduced scale of biological interactions and many negative environmental factors such as air pollution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.316-316
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• 2023

2022년 8월 수도권 이상폭우로 인해 서울 도심지역의 지하시설, 도로, 주택 등에 침수가 발생하면서 인명 및 재산피해가 발생하였으며, 특히 동서로 가로지르는 정체전선으로 좁고 긴 비구름이 집중되면서 국지적으로 피해가 집중되었다. 서울시의 경우 도시화에 따른 불투수지역 증가 및 내수배제 불량에 따른 빗물 역류로 인한 피해가 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며, 최근에는 기후변화에 따른 방재성능목표 강우량을 초과하는 빈도의 이상폭우로 인해 하천범람과 내수배제 불량에 따른 복합적인 원인으로 침수피해 가중되고 있는 실정이다. 또한 서울시의 경우 전체 자연적, 사회적, 경제적, 환경적 요인 등의 지역적 편차가 매우 큰 도시로 지형적인 특성뿐만 아니라 취약시설(병원, 학교 등), 수방시설물(하천, 배수시설, 빗물펌프장 등) 및 방재시설(대피소, 구호소 등) 밀도 등에 따른 침수 취약성 및 위험성 등의 편차가 매우 크기 때문에 지역특성에 대한 피해사례가 다원화 되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 30년 이상의 종관기상관측(ASOS)과 서울시 자치구별 20년 이상의 방재기상관측(AWS)자료를 기반으로 CMIP6 SSP(Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, 공통사회 경제경로)시나리오에 따른 극한기후 지수(강수강도, 호우일수, 지속기간, 1일 최대강수량, 95퍼센타일 강수일수 등)에 대한 재현성을 평가하고 공간자기상관분석 등 시공간적인 강우특성에 대한 변화를 전망하였다. 특히 여름철 강우의 경우 자치구별 편차가 크게 나타났고 이를 통해 대도시의 도심지역의 경우 세분화하여 지역의 정확한 강우특성을 파악하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 도심지의 방재성능 초과강우 정의와 기준을 수립하고, 장기적인 수자원 및 도시계획 차원의 대책을 마련하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 기후위기에 따른 기록적인 호우(지역별 방재성능을 초과하는 강우)에 따른 재해는 구조적인 대책을 통해 모두 저감할 수 없는 한계가 있다. 하지만 인명피해를 최소화하는 것을 목표로 기후위기에 대한 적응단계로 인식하고 수리·수문학적, 사회경제학적 등 지역특성에 따른 방재성능목표 강우량에 대한 재검토와 더불어 법제도(풍수해보험, 저류조설치 의무화 등), 개인별 재해예방, 취약계층 안전망 확보, 반지하주택 침수안전대책, 재해지도 개선 등 구조적/비구조적인 대책을 통합 수립 및 보완하는 것이 필요한 시점이다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the flora of Jinjosan Mt. (Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do). The vascular plants were surveyed 9 times between March 2019 and April 2020. The results of this survey revealed a total of 414 taxa comprising of 87 families, 274 genera, 365 species, 12 subspecies, 32 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, 9 taxa were Korean endemic plants and 5 taxa were rare plants of Korea. In addition, the specific plants by floristic region were 66 taxa including 1 taxon of grade IV, 18 taxa of grade III, 24 taxa of grade II, and 23 taxa of grade I. Additionally, eight taxa were classified as plants adaptable to climate change. Thirty-one taxa were of alien plants and three taxa were of ecosystem disturbance species, which were also investigated. The percentage of naturalized plants species and the urbanization index were estimated to be 7.5% and 5.0%, respectively. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, and will guide the conservation processes of plant resources such as plant diversity and distributional changes in Jinjosan Mt.