• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a newly established treatment for solid tumors, involves the systemic administration of a tumor localizing photosensitizer that is only activated when exposed to light of appropriate wavelength. Photoactivation of photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen results in the formation of highly cytotoxic molecular species, which precipitates necrosis. PDT has now become a promising means for the treatment of cancer due to its specificity, relatively minimal side effects, and inexpensive. However, the application of PDT has been restricted to the treatment of superficial lesions or the use of interstitial light delivery. A single photon generally activates the photochemical reaction in traditional PDT. However the use of multi photon excitation, where two or more photons simultaneously excite a photosensitizer, allows for the use of wavelengths twice as long. Such wavelengths exhibit better transmittance through tissue and thereby deeper penetration is achieved. This paper will review theoretical principles of multi photon excitation, challenges associated with multi photon PDT and update the current and future role of multi photon PDT in cancer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the changes of oral diet intake during the admission period and identify the factors related with nutritional status in discharging of leukemia patients. This is a retrospective cross sectional study on 46 leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy at the Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from July to September 2009. The patients' charts were surveyed on the general characteristics and factors relating chemotherapy. The calorie count method was used to investigate diet intake during admission period. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify possible confounding factors. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age was $42.8\;{\pm}\;14.6$ years and the average length of stay was $30.4\;{\pm}\;7.0$ days. The incidence of malnourished patients was 60.9% in discharging. There was a significant difference in chemotherapy sessions and chemotherapy period between well-nourished and malnourished patients. The average energy intake was 1,525.9 kcal in well-nourished patients and 1,143 kcal in malnourished patients, which was significant different. From repeated measures ANOVA test, the changes of oral intake during admission period were significant by groups. In addition, there were significant differences in oral intake according to each period between well-nourished and malnourished patients. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, both the ratio of total oral energy intake to recommended energy intake and chemotherapy sessions were significantly associated with nutritional status in discharging. The results of this study could be used to establish a protocol of nutritional management for leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of this study is to know seasonal distribution of group A streptococci obtained from one center using emm genotyping and T serotyping in Masan from 2003 through 2004. Methods : Among children who visited the Changwon Fatima Hospital at Masan, Korea from June 2003 through February 2004, 100 patients who had clinical findings of acute pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and cellulitis were confirmed as GAS by culture, and were enrolled in our study. All obtained GAS were sent to the WHO Collaborative Center for Reference and Research on Streptococci, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis for T serotyping and emm genotyping. We classified these results again according to seasonal and disease's entities. Results : 19 different T serotypes was typed. T4(27.5%), T1(17.6%), T6(13.7%), and T12(13.7%) serotypes were relatively common in summer, while T4(28.3%), T12(15.2%), and T12/B3264(8.7%) were common in winter. T4 and T12 were persistent all year around. Distribution of T serotypes in 89 patients with pharyngotonsillitis were T4(26.7%), T12(14.0%), T1(12.8%), and T6(11.6%) in order of frequency. 15 different emm genotypes was typed. The number of emm 1, emm 6, emm 9, and emm 44 genotypes decreased or disappeared in winter, and the number of emm 3, emm 12, and emm 89 genotypes increased or reappeared in winter. Conclusion : Because T serotyping and emm genotyping are useful tools for evaluating epidemiology and pathogenesis of group A streptococci, we should monitor these strains every year, and should serotype and genotype GAS obtained from the invasive streptococcal infections.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2001

OSBA(oocytes-sperm binding assay) is a tool developed for rapid test of optimal condition of IVF medium and protein source by binding ability of mouse sperm and egg. Mouse oocyte-cumulus complexes were prepared by removing of the cumulus cells with 0.1% hyaluronidase. 10$\pm$2 oocytes per 30 ${mu}ell$ medium drop were inseminated with 3 ${mu}ell$ sperm suspension and were cultured f3r 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively. And the oocytes were recovered gently and the No. of sperm bound on oocytes were counted. In the Exp. 1, the ratio of oocytes bound with one sperm at least were 60.2%(50/83), 2%(2/77) and 100%(79/79) in the medium with no protein, FBS(15%, v/v) and BSA(0.4%. w/v), respectively, Fetal bovine serum(FBS) seriously inhibited sperm binding on oocyte, although bovine serum albumin(BSA) promoted the binding ability. The inhibiting effect of FBS was dependent on the concentration of FBS. The sperm binding ability according to oocyte maturity was tested in the Exp. 2. There was no significant difference between Met. II (mature) and Met. I (intermediate mature) oocytes in the number of oocytes bound with sperm and the number of sperm bound on oocytes. Finally, in Exp. 3, two batches of Ham's F10 medium with good and poor quality by OSBA were tested (The ratios of embryos developed from PN 1-cell stage to hatched blastocyst; 25% vs. 70%). In the medium with good quality, sperm binding ability was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05). The ratio of oocytes bound with one sperm at least was 66% and 90% in the medium with poor and good quality, respectively. Conclusively, It was possible to test IVF medium condition rapidly and easily by OSBA.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to manufacture Cutting-Gouda cheese and to investigate the change in physicochemical properties of Cutting-Gouda cheese made with Lactobacillus rhamnosus_p1. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Gouda cheese ripened for more than 1 year. They were identified as 2 strains of L. rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus curvatus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus by 16S rDNA sequencing and named L. rhamnosus_p1, L. casei_p2, L. curvatus_p3, L. rhamnosus_p4 and S. saprophyticus_p5. The proteolytic activities of isolated strains against casein were measured using prepared skim milk agar plates. L. rhamnosus_p1 showed the highest proteolytic activity. Cutting-Gouda cheese was made with L. rhamnosus_p1, and its physicochemical properties (moisture, protein, fat, ash and free amino acid content) were measured during ripening periods. Because of the modified atmosphere packaging ($N_2{^-}$), there was no change in moisture, protein, fat, and ash in the experimental group. The total amount of free amino acids in the control and experimental group gradually increased during ripening periods. The sensory evaluation showed that the experimental group was preferable to the control group. This result suggests that L. rhamnosus_p1 has potential to be developed as a new starter for Gouda cheese.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2013

Background: A previous history of transfusion has been known to be associated with production of anti-HLA class I antibodies. However, platelet glycoproteins are the main target of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The mechanism of antibody production is known to differ significantly between glycoproteins and anti-HLA class I. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of anti-HLA class I antibodies in childhood ITP. Methods: Enrollment for the normal control group targeted 48 people who visited Gyeongsang National University Hospital from 1990 to 2010, and 48 young children with ITP. Anti-glycoproteins and anti-HLA class I antibodies were tested using the Modified Antigen Capture Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MACE) kit. Results: The positive rate of anti-HLA antibodies was significantly different [36/39 (92.3%) vs 29/46 (63%)] [ITP group vs normal control group] (P=0.002). The mean positive S/C ratio of anti-HLA antibodies was also significantly different (3.55 vs 1.51) [ITP group vs normal control group] (P=0.0000). The positive rate of anti-HLA did not differ significantly between the transfused group and the non-transfused group [12/12 (100%) vs 24/27 (88%)] [transfused ITP vs non-transfused ITP]. The mean positive S/C ratio of anti-HLA antibodies did not differ significantly between the transfused ITP group and the non-transfused ITP group (4.30 vs 3.25) [transfused ITP vs non-transfused ITP]. Consecutive testing showed that positive rate and positive S/C ratio of anti-HLA antibodies did not change significantly between sampling times in both groups [transfused ITP vs non-transfused ITP] (P=1.00 and P=0.15). Conclusion: Anti-HLA class I antibodies may be involved in childhood ITP. Transfusion did not affect the course of childhood ITP.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.204-208
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• 1992

This study was carried out to develop a practical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for the determination of soy protein in processed meat products as a preliminary study. The titer of antiserum raised in rabbit by injection of SDS-treated whole buffer extract(WBE) from isolates soy protein(ISP) was above 1:10,000 in indirect ELISA. When the SDS concentration was higher than 0.03% the antibody-antigen reaction was inhibited significantly. However, the antibody-antigen reaction inhibition was not observed when the SDS concentration was less than 0.02%. The antibodies used in this experiment also reacted with renatured antigen after removing SDS by dialysis, though not better than with SDS-denatured antigen(immunogen). The calibration curve with $100\;{\mu}g/100\;ml$ of sensitivity was obtained in indirect competitive ELISA.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 1970

No foods are available commercially for weanling infants except a limited amount of expensive milk products in Korea. Although the majority of infants are breast-fed, when it is not possible, rice products must usually be substituted which is not sufficient in protein. Therefore, it is urgent to develop low-cost quality protein food mixtures. In order to accomplish this purpose three food mixtures (F-S-2, F-F-3 and F-P-4), consisting of rice (37∼46%), soybean (24∼40%), FPC (3∼7%), vitamins, minerals and other food additives, are developed. The food mixtures are white to light yellow in color; dispersed readily in water with water absorption index 320; viable bacterial population, less than $10^4$ per gram; sedimentation value, 63; Bostwick consistency value, 15cm/30%; and ring test value, 23cm/30%. The products contain 22∼25% protein and ensure reasonably balanced essential amino acids for the requirement of infants compared with FAO provisional pattern, Rao's maximum growth requirements and Holt's amino acid requirements in early life. Although threonine is limiting, protein score of F-P-4 formula is 93 based on the modified FAO provisional pattern (1965). Furthermore, a 100g of the products supplies required amounts of vitamins and minerals by the recommended daily dietary allowances for infants.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.276-284
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• 2008

A lactic acid bacterium having antifungal activity was isolated from kimchi. It was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum based on its morphological and biochemical properties, and 16S rRNA sequence, and designated as Lb. plantarum AF1. This isolate inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus ATCC 22546, A. fumigatus ATCC 96918, A. petrakii PF-1, A. ochraceus PF-2, A. nidulans PF-3, Epicoccum nigrum KF-1, and Cladosporium gossypiicola KF-2 under a dual culture overlay assay. Also, the antimicrobial activity was found to be active against various species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antifungal activity was found to be stable after heat ($121^{\circ}C$, 15 min) and proteolytic enzyme treatment, but it was unstable over pH 5.0. The antifungal compound(s) was estimated to have a low molecular mass (below 3,000 Da).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2014

We was investigated parasporal inclusion proteins change to use industrial medium of new strain Bacillus thuringiensis CAB 565, CAB 566. To confirm medium's oxygen efficient consist of glucose and yeast extract, we was conducted oxygen transfer coefficients (KLa) of medium's concentration and impeller in 20 l-Jar fermentor. When to increase air flow rate and medium concentration, KLa rate is rise. Also it is effective on agitation rate 200 rpm, but KLa rate is decrease when to rise agitation rate. To hold dissolved oxygen rate (upper 50%), Air flow rate is steadily increase on culture to use microsparger. When 16 hour of culture stage, B.t. CAB 565 and B.t. CAB 566 harvested respectively $2.3{\times}10^{10}$, $1.8{\times}10^{10}$ viable cell/ml. When 54 hour, B.t. CAB565, 566 harvested respectively $1.9{\times}10^{10}$, $1.4{\times}10^{10}spore/ml$. To resulting carbon's concentration, It is the most effective that glucose concentration is contained 5% in medium.