• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.106-127
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• 2010

Although multi-layer planting methods are more widely used as a method for clustered planting and environmental programs such as plant remediation, difficulties have been faced in applying those to planting design. This study develops a basic planting model that can be applied to multi-layer planting in basis on an analysis of forest structures in the Seoul area. An optimal number of clusters was determined through the ISA (Indicator Species Analysis), and 7 basic clusters were found through a cluster analysis by using PC ORD 4.0 software specifically developed for ecological analysis. The 7 basic clusters include the following communities: the Quercus acutissima Community, Sorbus alnifolia-Quercus mongolica Community, Pinus rigida-Pinus densifiora Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Quercus mongolica Community, Juniperus rigida-Quercus mongolica Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Pinus densiflora Community, and Rododendron sclippenbachii-Quercus mongolica Community. The study also selected 57 species with at least a 10% frequency among the plant species existing in the Seoul area and suggested both a companion species and available similar alternative species by conducting an additional interspecific association analysis. This study may help to enhance usefulness of the model in architectural planting design. In addition, the two results named above were synthesized to develop a multi-layer planting model that can be utilized in landscape planting design by selecting similar alternative species through the interspecific association analysis, which includes 7 clusters of natural plants. The multi-layer planting model can be widely applied to design planting because the model has an average target cover range based on the average value of a transformed likelihood.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

In this study, negative air ions, which can increase comfort and positively influence human health, was set as an evaluative factor for school forests. The characteristics, location and microclimate of school forests were examined to determine an effective school forest model for maximum negative air ion generation. It also aimed to provide basic data for the development of urban green fields. The negative air ion concentrations were different according to the green types. The order from the highest to the lowest was: single-layer structure($934ea/cm^3$) > multi-layer structure($794ea/cm^3$) > grass($553ea/cm^3$) > bare ground($529ea/cm^3$). As for the correlation with microclimate, negative air ion concentration was negatively correlated with temperature. The negative air ion concentration was significantly different according to planting type. The negative air ion concentration was higher at single-layer structure sites than at multi-layer structure sites, which appears to indicate that the temperature is higher when the vegetation structure was single-layer compared to multi-layer. Wind speed was higher at the single-layer planted site than at the multi-layer planted site. The vegetation wind shielding effect was lower at single-layer planted sites than at multi-layer planted sites. The single-layer planted site provided more favorable conditions for the generation and dispersion of negative air ions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2023

As a solution to environmental issues, such as climate change response, the carbon neutrality strategy, urban heat islands, fine dust, and biodiversity enhancement, the value of urban green spaces and trees are becoming important, and various studies dealing with the effects of trees for environmental improvement are being conducted. This study comprehensively considers the preceding studies on planting tree species, planting structure, planting density, and planting base to propose a direction for the planting renewal of green areas in urban parks and applies the findings to a renewal plan to improve the urban environment through landscaping trees. A field survey was conducted on the planting status of Seoul Children's Grand Park, a large-scale neighborhood park in Seoul, and based on the survey data, a planting function evaluation was conducted, and areas needing improvement in planting function were identified. The planting function evaluation was carried out considering the park function setting, planting concept according to spatial function, and planting status. As a result of the study, the direction of planting renewal according to functional change was derived for each stage of planting function evaluation. Increasing the green area ratio is a priority in setting up park functions, but user convenience should also be considered. As a concept of planting, visual landscape planting involves planting species with beautiful tree shapes, high carbon absorption, and fine dust reduction effects. Ecological landscape planting should create a multi-layered planting site on a slope. Buffer planting should be created as multi-layered forests to improve carbon absorption and fine dust reduction effects. Green planting should consist of broad-leaved trees and herbaceous layers and aim for the natural planting of herbaceous species. For plant species, species with high urban environment improvement effects, local native species, and wild bird preferred species should be selected. As for the planting structure, landscape planting sites and green planting sites should be composed of trees, shrubs, and trees and herbaceous layers that emphasize ecology or require multi-layered buffer functions. A higher standard is applied based on the planting interval for planting density. Installing a rainwater recycling facility and using soil loam for the planting base improves performance. The results of this study are meaningful in that they can be applied to derive areas needing functional improvement by performing planting function evaluation when planning planting renewal of aging urban parks and can suggest renewal directions that reflect the paradigm of functional change of created green areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

In this study, the analysis carried out on characteristic of planting species and planting density of parks and green spaces in downtown city of Haengjeong-dong in Wonju, Gangwon Province. We found that 8,050 coniferous trees (19 species), 6,037 deciduous trees (61 species) and 77,609 shrubs 103 species were planted in the parks and green space in Haengjeong-dong. However, a conifer Pinus strobus is highly concentrated in all four kinds of places which are neighborhood park, children's park, green buffer zone and landscape green space regardless of their period of construction and usage of surrounding land and other trees were planted in order of Pinus koraiensis, Prunus yedoensis, Acer palmatum, Zelkova serrata, Pinus densiflora. Average planting density of parks and green spaces is $0.03tree/m^2$ for a tall tree and $0.18tree/m^2$ for a shrub, which shows low planting density in most parks and green spaces of Wonju. Also, understory vegetation was not planted enough. Since area of lawn is wide in green spaces, planting density is needed to be increased and tall trees should be planted more. Therefore, we suggest planting more trees in an area where trees are not planted, multi-layered vegetation and increasing in planting density through shrub planting etc., by identifying spaces for trees to be planted within parks and green spaces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

This study quantified annual uptake and storage of carbon by urban greenspace in institutional lands and suggested improvement of greenspace structures to enhance carbon reduction effects. The study selected a total of five study cities including Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, Chuncheon, and Suncheon, based on areal size and nationwide distribution. Horizontal and vertical greenspace structures were field-surveyed, after institutional greenspace lots were selected using a systematic random sampling method on aerial photographs of the study cities. Annual uptake and storage of carbon by woody plants were computed applying quantitative models of each species developed for urban landscape trees and shrubs. Tree density and stem diameter (at breast height) in institutional lands averaged 1.4±0.1 trees/100 ㎡ and 14.9±0.2 cm across the study cities, respectively. Of the total planted area, the ratio of single-layered planting only with trees, shrubs, or grass was higher than that of multi-layered structures. Annual uptake and storage of carbon per unit area by woody plants averaged 0.65±0.04 t/ha/yr and 7.37±0.47 t/ha, which were lower than those for other greenspace types at home and abroad. This lower carbon reduction was attributed to lower density and smaller size of trees planted in institutional lands studied. Nevertheless, the greenspace in institutional lands annually offset carbon emissions from institutional electricity use by 0.6 (Seoul)~1.9% (Chuncheon). Tree planting in potential planting spaces was estimated to sequester additionally about 18% of the existing annual carbon uptake. Enhancing carbon reduction effects requires active tree planting in the potential spaces, multi-layered/clustered planting composed of the upper trees, middle trees and lower shrubs, planting of tree species with greater carbon uptake capacity, and avoidance of the topiary tree maintenance. This study was focused on finding out greenspace structures and carbon offset levels in institutional lands on which little had been known.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.13-15
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• 2017

정원(Garden)은 거주하는 주택과 외부공간의 전이공간 및 소통의 역할을 하고 있는 장소이며, 한국조경헌장에서 조경의 대상에 첫 번째로 거론되고 있는 중요한 조경계획의 대상이다. 조경학과 대학생들이 조경계획수업 시간에 처음 맞이하게 되는 주택정원설계에서 그들이 갖고 있는 정원에 대한 주제, 시설, 식재의 주요 사항들을 파악하고자 본 연구를 시작하였으며, 연구의 대상은 조경학과 대학생 2학년과정이며 시간적 범위는 2012년부터 2015년까지 4개년의 과제제출물을 대상으로 하였다. 대학생들의 정원설계작품을 살펴본 결과 첫째, 대학생들의 정원설계에서 사용되는 주요 주제는 가족과의 활동과 개인 취미생활, 자연에 관한 주제가 가장 많이 표현되었고, 이것은 정원안에서 개인과 가족과의 관계성을 고려하고 배려하는 곳이 정원이라는 인식을 갖고 있다고 보여진다. 둘째, 정원설계에서 조성되는 주요 시설은 휴양시설, 관리시설, 조경시설 순으로 배치되어 있으며, 일부 설계안에서는 교양시설과 유희시설이 조성되어 있었다. 셋째, 정원설계 작품의 식재경향은 교목위주의 식재가 많고, 관목과 지피와의 다층구조식재의 설계안은 몇 작품 보이지 않았으며, 독립식재와 군식 및 열식이 조화롭게 배치되지 못하고 있고, 지피류를 도입한 설계안이 많지 않았다. 오늘날의 정원설계는 다양한 디자인이 요구되고 있고, 근래 다수의 정원박람회에 출품되고 있는 정원작품 또한 디자인과 재료, 주제의 다양성이 풍부해지고 있다. 따라서, 대학생들의 정원설계과정에서 현재 학생들이 갖고 있는 주택정원에 대한 주요 요소에 대하여 다양성과 지속가능성을 높여줄 수 있는 효과적인 방향설정이 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.73-80
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• 2019

This is an empirical study to investigate the types of plants used in Gertrude Jekyll's wild gardens, identify relationships between plants, and analyze the planting patterns. Four sites were chosen for the study: the Cotswold Cottage, the Dryton Wood, the Little Aston, and the Frant Court. To find direct relationships between plants from the planting patterns shown in these gardens, the social network analysis program R was used to analyze degree centrality, which resulted in the identification of top three plants, followed by looking into their characteristics and meanings. The summary of the results is: Azaleas(Rhododendron spp.) showed the highest degree centrality, followed by wild roses (Rosa spp.). Cold-resistant crossbreed azaleas were used as underplanting connected to many different plants, creating the feeling of an atypical woodland garden. As an indigene, wild roses showed high degree centrality in terms of ecology and aesthetics, forming multiple layer planting. Also, plants with small white flowers, for example rowans(Sorbus commixta), shadbush(Amelanchier asiatica), sealwort(Polygonatum odoratum), and American columbines(Aquilegia vulgaris) were planted in these wild gardens as plant colonies to make natural connections with other plants through drifts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.16-24
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• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

In this study, in order to examine the change of soil animals by vegetation restoration types, experimental sites with biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method, small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method were applied and the control site was selected. The naturalness of soil animals was analysed by studying the change of soil animals. It was confirmed that the control site has a high level of the naturalness of soil animals as it includes a mixture of fauna sensitive and insensitive to environment distributed widely over the site. The experimental site with biotope restoration method showed a similar level of the naturalness of soil animals as the control site. Furthermore, the naturalness of soil animals in the experimental sites with small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method also showed a progressive restoration although the level of the naturalness of soil animals is lower than the experimental site with the biotope restoration method. Therefore, it is confirmed that the experimental site with biotope restoration method shows a faster recovery of soil animal than other sites. This is because this method uses the portion of topsoil and subsoil that were dug from the intact forest during transplantation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.658-666
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to select a suitable planting substrate for multilayered plantings in an apartment landscape space. The experiment was conducted between May to October 2019, at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science. Planting substrate was prepared in six repetitions of eight treatment zones using mulching material, horticultural soil, bottom ash, and subgrade soil. Rosa hybrid 'Barkarole' and Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nikko Blue' were selected as the experimental plants. We investigated the monthly variation and effect of the substrate type on the growth (plant height, number of branches, leaf length, leaf width, and plant area of the substrates) of the plants. In R. hybrid 'Barkarole' grown in 20 cm of horticultural soil and 10 cm of bottom ash, the plants were taller(102.2±5.8 cm), had more branches (5.5±0.6 each), longer leaves (10.9±1.0 cm), and greater leaf width (6.2±0.5 cm) and plant area (4077.1±416.6 cm²)(p<0.05). H. macrophylla 'Nikko Blue' showed the best growth from 3cm of mulching, 20cm of horticultural topsoil, and 10cm of bottom ash, which resulted in taller plants (43.6±2.1 cm), more branches (4.9±0.8 each), longer leaves (7.2±0.5 cm), and greater leaf width(4.3±0.3 cm) and plant area (344.5±43.2 cm²). Through this study, it was possible to propose an optimal planting substrate for shrubs for multi-layered landscaping.