• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Multiple emulsions, called multiphase emulsions, include water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) type and oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) type emulsions. In cosmetic industry, they are used to stabilize active ingredients but the applicability of the multiple emulsions is limited because of low stability and difficulty of manufacturing. In this study, we investigated a two-step emulsification process for a W/O/W type emulsion. We also investigated the change of stability using different emulsifiers and oil polarity. The results suggested that polyglyceryl-10 stearate, as a main emulsifier, played an important role in the stability and the formation of the multiple emulsions.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.4 s.59
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• pp.209-217
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• 2006

Emulsion is a dispersion system among liquids which are not miscible together. There are numerous cosmetic raw materials which have different physicochemical properties. Therefore, emulsion technology is very useful in cosmetics. With the development of emulsifier, several emulsification technologies have been developed. Since HLB method by Griffin in 1950's, PIT method, gel method, and D-phase methods, etc, have been developed. Recently, the application of natural emulsifier and polymeric emulsifier increases in cosmetics in order to achieve enhanced safety and biocompatibility. Besides nano-emulsion, multiple-emulsion, liquid crystal emulsion, and Pickering emulsion have been developed and applied as means of differentiating appearance and texture of products and achieving enhanced delivery of active ingredients. Meanwhile, the application studies of nano-dispersed structural system such as liposome or cubosome are on progress. Liposome is a bi- or multi-lamella layer dispersion system composed of amhiphilic molecules - phospholipids which are main components of plasma membrane. Cubosome also is a nano-sized dispersion system composed of a specific molecule like glyceryl monoloeate derived from natural products. And it has a cubic bicontinuous structure in water due to its unique molecular structure. Incorporating compounds (active materials) into such nano-particles can increase biocompatibility and delivery efficiency of target compounds. Manufacturing process and application of cosmetic emulsions and nano-particles are briefly introduced in this paper.

• Clean Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2006

In this study, polystyrene hollow microspheres were prepared via optimized purifying steps for the reuse of waste polystyrene. PS/PVA double layered hollow microspheres were prepared using the multiple emulsion ($W_1/O/W_2$) method with recycled polystyrene. The sonication treatment at the first stage of $W_1/O$ emulsion formation was very important factor of control of particle size and its distribution. When sonication was treated for 20 seconds, the average particle size and distribution were $1.35{\mu}m$ and $0.8{\mu}m{\sim}2.8{\mu}m$, respectively. The double layered hollow microspheres that have smaller and uniformed particle size distribution were manufactured when gelatin or Tween 80 was used as surfactants in the $W_2$ phase.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.202-207
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• 2012

Biodegradable poly(${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone)(PCL) microcapsules containing pseudomonas were prepared by W/O/W emulsion system. The characteristics and release behaviors of the microcapsules were investigated as a function of manufacturing conditions. The morphology and particle distribution of the microcapsules were observed by a scanning electron microscope and a particle size analyzer. The release behaviors of the pseudomonas were determined using a cell culture method. It was found that smooth and spherical microcapsules were formed by W/O/W emulsion system and particle size was in the range of 10 to 60 ${\mu}m$. The release behaviors of the pseudomonas were influenced by the manufacturing conditions. It was indicated that the increase of the surfactant content and stirring rate led to an increased release rate, resulting from the high specific surface area of the smaller particle size, and the increase of the PCL content provided the sustained release behaviors by the delay effect of diffusion in the release medium.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.329-337
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• 2015

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were oxidized with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. After oxidation, oxidized MWCNTs were treated with thionyl chloride ($SOCl_2$) and 1,4-butanediol (BD) in sequence at room temperature to introduce hydroxyl groups on the surface of MWCNTs. The prepared MWCNT-OH was silanized with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane (MPTMS) to make MWCNT-MPTMS. The MWCNT-MPTMS was used as fillers in emulsion polymerization to make MWCNT-MPTMS/PMMA composite particles with 3 kinds of emulsifiers, hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) as a cationic, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as an anionic and polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) as a nonionic emulsifier. Morphologies of composite emulsions were confirmed by a particle size analyzer (PSA) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Morphologies of emulsion polymerized MWCNT-MPTMS/PMMA with SDBS showed more uniform particle size distribution compared to those of other two emulsifiers used emulsions. MWCNT-MPTMS/PMMA showed $3.4^{\circ}C$ higher $T_g$ compared to pristine MWCNT/PMMA due to covalent bond formation at interface of MWCNT-MPTMS and PMMA.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.511-516
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• 2005

In this work, the crosslinked-chitosan microcapsules containing fragrant oil were prepared by oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) multi-emulsion method. The effects of concentration of fragrant oil and stirring rates on the preparing of the microcapsules were investigated. The diameter and form of the microcapsules were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the average particle size of microcapsules was decreased with increasing the stirring rate. The formation of chitosan microcapsules was comfirmed by FT-IR. The inclusion of fragrant oil into chitosan microcapsules was determined in the presence of specific peak of fragrant oil, i.e., $1,460cm^{-1}$, $2,960cm^{-1}$. Also, the release behavior or profile of fragrant oil from chitosan microcapsules was examined with UV/vis spectra. Released amounts of fragrant oil were increased with increasing as the content of fragrant oil and decreasing the pH.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2011

In this study, gemcitabine-loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) (MPEG-PLLA) microparticles with different PEG block lengths were prepared by a W/O/W double emulsion technique. The present study focuses on the investigation of the influence of various preparative parameters such as the ratio of internal water phase and oil phase, polymer concentration, solvent composition of organic phase and salt concentration of external water phase on the morphology and encapsulation efficiency of the microparticles. The microparticles fabricated at high volume ratios of internal water phase to oil phase and at high polymer concentrations showed a relatively high encapsulation efficiency and low porosity. When a dichloromethane/ethyl acetate mixture was used as solvent, both the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of the microparticles decreased as the level of ethyl acetate increased. The addition of a salt (NaCl) to the external water phase significantly improved the encapsulation efficiency up to 40%, and the microparticles became more spherical with their size and porosity decreased.

• Clean Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.256-264
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• 2008

In this study, using PBAST (poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate-co-terephthalate)) which was eco-friendly biodegradable aliphatic polyester, PBAST/PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)) double-layered hollow microspheres were prepared with the water/oil/water multiple emulsion ($W_1/O/W_2$) method. The double-layered hollow microspheres were manufactured with the yield of 30.92% when the concentration of polymer PBAST in organic phase was 5 wt%, the concentration of PVA in inner aqueous phase was 5 wt%, the volume ratio of $W_1/O$ emulsion to outer aqueous phase was 1:4.5, and when co-surfactants that had large gap in HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) value were used. The bulk density of prepared hollow microsphere was 0.180 g/ml and particle size was $1.5{\sim}3\;{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1687-1698
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• 2021

This study is to produce multiple layers of liposomes in a supercritical state and encapsulates active ingredients in order to stably encapsulate thermodynamically unstable active ingredients. In order to form a liposome in a supercritical state, a mixed surfactant development including vegetable-derived hydrogenated phosphatidyl choline and their delivative, hydrogenated sucrose distearate was synthesized as high purity. It describes a manufacturing method of injecting liquid carbon dioxide into a reactor to create a supercritical state and stirring to produce a giant liposome, and adding and loading genistein and quercetin. The HLB of the mixed lipid complex (SC-Lipid Complex) was 12.50, and multiple layers of liposome vesicles were formed even at very low concentrations. This surfactant had a specific odor with a pale yellow flake, the specific gravity was 0.972, and the acid value was 0.12, indicating that it was synthesized with high purity. As a result of the emulsifying capacity experiment using 20 wt% capric/capric triglyceride and triethylhexanoin using SC-Lipid Complex, it was found to have 96.2% emulsifying power. SC LIPOSOME GENISTEIN was confirmed that a multi-layer liposome vesicle was formed through a transmission electron microscope (Cryo-TEM) for the supercritical liposome encapsulated with genistein. The primary liposome particle size in which genistein was encapsulated was 253.9 nm, and the secondary capsule size was 18.2 ㎛. Using genistein as the standard substance, the encapsulation efficiency of supercritical liposomes was 99.5%, and general liposomes were found to have an efficiency of 93.6%. In addition, the antioxidant activity experiment in which quercetin was sealed was confirmed by the DPPH method, and it was found that the supercritical liposome significantly maintained excellent antioxidant activity. In this study, thermodynamically unstable raw materials were sealed into liposomes without organic solvents in a supercritical state. Based on these results, it is expected that it can be applied to various forms such as highly functional skincare cosmetics, makeup cosmetics, and scalp protection cosmetics.