• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1159-1165
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stages of change in smoking cessation after a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft(CABG) and to identify the related factors. Methods: The subjects (n=157) were patients who underwent a CABG in a university hospital from March 1998 to October 2005 and were smokers before the CABG. Data was collected viachart review and a telephone interview, and analyzed with descriptive statistics, $X^2$ test, one-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis procedure by the SPSS/PC win 12.0 program. Results: The subjects smoked for an average of 34 years (21 cigarettes per day) before surgery. Eleven percent of the subjects were in pre-contemplation, 6.4% in contemplation, 13.5% in preparation, 4.5% in action, and 64.5% in the maintenance stage. Nicotine dependence and self-efficacy were different among the groups with different stages of change in smoking cessation. Nicotine dependence was the lowest (p=0.00) and self-efficacy was the highest (p=0.00) in the maintenance stage. The number of subjects in pre-contemplation and contemplation significantly increased 6 years after surgery(p=0.05). Conclusions: To implement effective smoking cessation interventions for CABG patients, the intervention should be developed to accommodate individual readiness for smoking cessation, especially so for those who had a CABG more than 6 years previously.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1285-1294
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the predictive value of aspects of the Transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change as applied to smoking cessation in a rural population. Method: A convenience sample was recruited from a public health center in a community. A total of 484 participants were recruited, including 319 smokers, 116 ex-smokers and 49 non-smokers. A cross-sectional and descriptive design was used in this study. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency statistics, ANOVA and Logistic regression. Result: The major findings were 1) The participants were assessed at baseline for their current Stage of Change resulting in a distribution with $42.1\%$ in Precontemplation, $24.1\%$ in Contemplation, $9.7\%$ in Preparation, $6.2\%$ in Active, and $17.9\%$ in the Maintenance stage. 2) There were statistically significant differences of processes of change, decisional balance and situational temptation across the stages of change. 3) The main factors that affect smoking cessation were age, number of years smoking, age when began smoking, self-liberation and negative/affective situations, which combined explained $33.2\%$ of the smoking cessation. Conclusion: TTM variables measured prior to a smoking cessation program added little predictive value for cessation outcome beyond that explained by demographic and smoking history variables.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of nicotine dependence and mental health. Methods: The subjects of this study were 153 male smokers in their 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s who visited Wonmi Public Health Center. They were evaluated with Fagerstorm's test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R). Using the FTND score, the participants were divided into three groups; mild nicotine dependent group, moderate group and severe group. Results: In the SCL-90-R score, there were statistically significant differences in the characteristics of Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Global Severity Index (GSI) and Positive Symptom Test (PST) among the three groups. Comparing the values of FTND and the amounts of Daily Smoking to the values of Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression and GSI in this study resulted in positive correlations, thereby demonstrating a statistical significance. Conclusions: The above results suggest that there are significant relations between nicotine dependence and the level of mental health. These results can be used for planning the smoking cessation program and mental health promoting program based on Korean traditional medicine.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2005

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate that the stages of change in smoking cessation behavior among coronary artery disease patients for six months progressed following the stages of change suggested by the transtheoretical model. Method: Subjects for this descriptive survey were 59 coronary disease patients who were smoking or who had stopped smoking for less than six months. Result: In the baseline, the distribution of the subjects’ stages of change was as follows: pre-contemplation stage 25.4%, contemplation stage 25.4%, preparation stage 22%, and action stage 27.1%. After six months, more subjects in the contemplation(33.3%) and preparation stages(30.8%) progressed to the action stage than those of the pre-contemplation stage(0%). Eighty-one percent of the subjects in the action stage at baseline progressed to the maintenance stage. The relationship between the numbers of smoking cessation attempts for six months and stages of change at baseline was significant(p=.001). However, the relationships between self-efficacy and nicotine dependence at baseline and progression in stages of change after six months were not significant. Conclusion: Progression in the stages of change for six months among subjects corresponded to the stages of change suggested by the transtheoretical model. Hence, future development and evaluation of intervention programs should be tailored individually considering each patient's stage of change.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.16-26
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• 2002

Objective : This study was designed to evaluate the decreasing or stop-smoking effect of smoking patients who were given to the auricular acupuncture treatment. Methods : We investigated the smoking patients who serviced Korea Power Engineering Company from March 2002 to April 2002. And one month later we investigated result. Results : In the success rate of low nicotine dependence group, stop-smoking was 28.2%, Above good effect was 57.7%. In the success rate of high nicotine dependence group, stop-smoking was 12.5%, Above good effect was 23.1%. Conclusion : We found that the auricular acupuncture treatment has the decreasing or stop-smoking effect of smoking patients specially to low nicotine dependence group.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study is to seek an effective way to support smoking cessation by analyzing any change to the pattern of nicotine dependence according to the change in time. Methods: The study was conducted with 800 male smokers who had participated in smoking cessation programs at public health centers from July 16, 2005 to July 15, 2008. Latent growth curve modeling approach was used for data analysis. Results: From the developmental trajectory of individual nicotine dependence, while nicotine dependence of smokers with high nicotine dependence in the first year was slightly decreased in the third year, smokers with low nicotine dependence in the year showed dramatically lower nicotine dependence in the third year. Compared with those who did not successfully quit smoking, the initial value of nicotine dependence of those who successfully quit smoking in the first and the second year was low. Over the years, nicotine dependence was decreased. Conclusion: From this study it was demonstrated that nicotine dependence was reduced through the practice of smoking cessation and reduced nicotine dependence was a factor which affects successful smoking cessation. These results indicate that multiple attempts to quit smoking finally reduces nicotine dependence. Reduced nicotine dependence is likely to increase the possibility of successful smoking cessation.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2009

한국건강관리협회는 1998년부터 국민건강증진기금의 지원으로 금연사업을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 협회에서 실시한 '07년 민간단체 금연클리닉 사업을 대상으로 사업의 효과성을 분석하여 사업의 과학적 근거 확보 및 향후 효과적인 사업 수행방안 마련 등 사업의 발전방안을 모색하고자 실시되었다. 대상은 2007년 민간단체 금연클리닉에 참여한 군 경, 중소업체 종사자, 운송업체 종사자, 국방부지정부대 참여자, 학교/공공기관 종사자 중 설문조사에 성실하게 응답한 3,170명이다. 민간단체 금연클리닉 사업 효과성 평가 설계는 구조화된 평가도구를 활용하여 금연클리닉에 참여한 집단만을 대상으로 참여 전(사전조사)과 금연클리닉 종료 후(사후조사)의 조사결과를 비교하는 단일 전후조사 설계(one-group pretest posttest design)방법을 사용하였다. 연구결과 민간단체 금연클리닉 참여자의 하루 평균 흡연량은 15.96개비, 평균 흡연시작연령은 18.59세, 평균 총 흡연기간은 146.39개월로 나타났으며, 참여자의 니코틴 의존도는 평균 3.81점으로 조사되었다. 또한 참여자의 84.5%가 의지로 금연 시도하였으나 실패한 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 개입이 필요함을 알 수 있다. 참여자들의 상황별 흡연욕구는 높은 수준이었으며, 특히 술자리, 스트레스상황 등 특정 상황에서 흡연욕구가 높게 나타났다. 금연관련 경험요인은 5점 기준 2.84점으로 조사되었으며, 인지적 과정이 행동적 과정에 비해 높게 나타났다. 마지막으로 민간단체 금연클리닉의 전반적인 만족도는 높았으나 상담환경에 대한 만족도가 상대적으로 낮았음을 감안할 때, 환경적인 부분에 대한 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 더불어 금연클리닉의 효과나 만족도 부분에서 대상자의 특성에 따른 차이가 발생하므로 참여 대상자의 특성을 감안한 맞춤형 프로그램 개발이 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1139-1148
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a community-based group smoking cessation program among adult smokers in a rural community. Method: The study design was quasi-experimental with a pre and posttest. A total of 55 adult smokers participated in the study. They were evaluated 1, 3, and 6 months after the program to identify the long-term effectiveness of the program. The program consisted of a total of 5 sessions provided twice a week. To test the effectiveness of the program, urine creatinine, expired air carbon monoxide, nicotine dependence, and smoking-related knowledge were used as dependent variables. Data was analyzed with the SPSS 10.0 program with a t-test, paired t-test, and Scheffe test. Result: Urine creatinine, expired air carbon monoxide, and nicotine dependence were significantly decreased after the program. Also, the rates of continuous abstinence were 81.8% at posttest, 65.5% at 1 month, 54.5% at 3 months, and 54.5% at 6 months follow-up. Conclusion: This community-based group smoking cessation program implemented by a nurse and smoking cessation counselors was effective for quitting smoking and decreasing urine creatinine and nicotine dependence. Therefore, this smoking cessation program could be recommended to induce smoking cessation as health promotion management in the rural community.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of smoking among adolescents and their smoking-related oral health knowledge. The subjects in this study were the teens who were selected by convenience sampling from among the students who were in their first, second and third years in four different middle schools in the city of Iksan, North Jeolla Province. A self-administered survey was conducted from June 14 to July 12, 2011, and the answer sheets from 1,219 respondents were selected for analysis. The collected data were analyzed by the statistical package 12.0, and the findings of the study were as follows: 1. The smoker students accounted for 10.6 percent. The boys and girls who smoked respectively represented 16.0 and 5.4 percent. 2. As for the period of smoking, the largest group that accounted for 51.6 percent smoked for less than a year. Concerning the amount of daily smoking, the greatest group that accounted for 91.9 percent smoked less than 10 cigarettes. As to the motivation of smoking, the biggest group that represented 52.8 percent started to smoke out of curiosity. 3. Regarding smoking-related oral health knowledge, they got a mean of 0.85. Their scores in knowledge of oral malodor(0.95), oral cavity cancer(0.94) and periodontal diseases(0.93) were above the average, and their scores in knowledge of dental caries(0.70) and blunting of taste(0.77) were below the average. 4. The seventh graders got the best score of 5.28 in smoking-related oral health knowledge(p<0.01), and the students who were more satisfied with their life had a better oral health knowledge(p<0.05). 5. The senior students were more dependent on nicotine(p<0.01), and the number of smoking days(${\beta}=0.407$, p<0.001) and the period of smoking(${\beta}=0.235$, p<0.01) affected their nicotine dependence.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.445-455
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• 2014

This study has targeted to comparatively analyze smoking cessation success rates and success factors among new enrollees and re-enrollees in Smoking Cessation Clinics for its efficient operation. A total of 319,908 smokers who were enrolled in the Smoking Cessation Clinics in one of 253 public health centers across the nation for more than 6 months from July 16, 2009 to July 15, 2010 were examined. According to the comparative analysis, the following results have been obtained. According to the results, it has been confirmed that it is necessary to determine why smoking cessation success rates are low and take additional efforts to increase the rates for the effective operation of smoking cessation clinics. In addition, smoking cessation success rates were higher when only BT(Behavior Therapy) was given than when both BT and NRT(Nicotine Replacement Therapy) were provided to new enrollees while they were lower when only BT was provided than when both BT and NRT were given to re-enrollees. Therefore, it is necessary to provide differentiated service types depending on the type of enrollment. Hence, it is also required for the government to take various approaches in terms of a direction for a smoking cessation policy.