• Title/Summary/Keyword: 뇌활성도

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Protective Effect of Green Tea Extract on Amyloid $\beta$ peptide-induced Neurotoxicity (아밀로이드베타 펩타이드 유도성 신경세포독성에 대한 녹차 추출물의 보호 효과)

  • Kim, Young-In;Park, Jeong-Yoon;Choi, Soo-Jung;Kim, Jae-Kyeom;Jeong, Chang-Ho;Choi, Sung-Gil;Lee, Seung-Cheol;Cho, Sung-Hwan;Heo, Ho-Jin
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.15 no.5
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    • pp.743-748
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    • 2008
  • Amyloid $\beta$ peptide ($A{\beta}$) is known to increase oxidative stress in nerve cells, leading to apoptosis that is characterized by free radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by large deposits of $A{\beta}$ in the brain. In our study, neuronal protective effects of green tea, along with water activity (0.813), and leaf storage periods (fresh leaf, or leaf stored for up to 4 weeks) were investigated. We measured protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced cytotoxicity in neuron-like PC12 cells. Powdered green tea was extracted with distilled water at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, and this extract was freeze-dried and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. In cell viability assays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), the fresh extract, and that obtained after 1 week of leaf storage, showed the best protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity. As oxidative stress causes membrane breakdown, the protective effect of green tea extracts was investigated using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and trypan blue exclusion assays. LDH release into the medium was inhibited (by 20-25%) in all tests. In addition, all green tea extracts (fresh, or stored before extraction for up to 4 weeks) showed better cell protective effects ($93.3{\pm}1.8-96.2{\pm}2.4$) than did vitamin C ($91.0{\pm}1.6$), used as a positive control. The results suggest that effectiveness of green tea extracts falls with prolonged leaf storage.

Review of Sexual Dysfunction in Male Schizophrenics (남자 정신분열병 환자에서 성기능장애에 대한 검토)

  • Choi, Yeong Tae;Cheon, Jin Sook;Oh, Byoung Hoon
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.85-98
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    • 2000
  • Objective : There are four possible explanations for the sexual dysfunction of schizophrenics. The first is the possibility of a real structural aspect. The second possibility is that sexual function changes secondary to the illness. The third possibility is that there are medical and sociocultural barriers to sexual expression for chronic schizophrenics. The fourth possibility is that sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic medication. However, we didn't know the precise cause of sexual dysfunction in schizophrenics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of illness itself and antipsychotics on sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenics. Methods : The serum prolactin(PRL), testosterone(TST), and the plasma serotonin(5-HT) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography method for 100 healthy male schizophrenics according to the DSM-IV. Concomitantly, the severity of psychotic symptoms using Clinical Global Impression(CGI), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), and the severity of side effects for antipsychotics using Extrapyramidal Side Effects Scale(EPSE), Anticholinergic Side Effects Scale(ACSE), the cognitive function using PANSS-Cognitive Function(PANSS-CF), Mini Mental State Exam-Korean(MMSE-K), and the sexual dysfunction using Sexual Functioning Questionnaire(SFQ), Questionnaire for Sexual Dysfunction in Men were assessed. The PRL, TST, and 5-HT levels of 50 healthy male controls who had no medical, neurological, and psychiatric illnesses were evaluated. The sexual function using SFQ(items FGa, FNa) were also assessed. Furthermore, the correlation with age, education, religion, economic status, age at onset, duration of illnesses, duration of admission, levels of PRL, TST, 5-HT, antipsychotic dosages, potency, benztropine, total duration of medication, EPSE, ACSE, CGI, BPRS, PANSS, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K and sexual dysfunctions were identified in male schizophrenics. Results : 1) The frequencies of sexual dysfunctions for schizophrenics(80%) were significantly(p<0.001) higher than those for controls(42%). The sexual dysfunctions according to sexual response cycle were 'low sexual desire' 76%, 'impairment of achieving erection' 75%, 'impairment of maintaining erection' 75%, 'impairment of obtaining orgasm' 32%, 'impairment in the quality of orgasm' 61%, 'impairment in quantity of ejaculate' 44%, 'premature ejaculation' 15%, and 'delayed ejaculation' 50%. 2) The PRL, 5-HT levels of schizophrenics($28.5{\pm}20.6ng/ml$, $298.5{\pm}89.1ng/ml$) were significantly(p<0.001) higher than those of controls($10{\pm}5.6ng/ml$, $169.2{\pm}37.8ng/ml$), while the TST levels of schizophrenics($4.3{\pm}1.5ng/ml$) and controls($4.5{\pm}1.2ng/ml$) were not significantly different. The sexual dysfunctions of schizophrenics who had abnormal 5-HT levels($4.7{\pm}1.3$ scores) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of who had normal 5-HT levels($3.8{\pm}1.6$ scores) on item D7. 3) The sexual dysfunctions of unmarried schizophrenics were significantly(p<0.01 : p<0.05) higher than those of married schizophrenics($6.1{\pm}2.8$ scores, $4.7{\pm}1.3$ scores on item FGa : ${\beta}$=-0.211 on item FNa). The sexual dysfunctions were positively correlated with the rise of 5-HT levels(r=0.209, p<0.05 on item D4 and r=0.241, p<0.05 on item D7), the higher age at onset(r=0.275, p<0.01 on item FNa : r=-0.202, p<0.05 on item FDa), the longer duration of illnesses(r=0.237, p<0.05 on item D6), the longer duration of admission(r=0.234, p<0.05 on item D4 : r=0.328, p<0.05 on item D6), the longer total duration of medication(r=0.237, p<0.05 on item D6). However, age, education, religion, economic status, PRL, TST levels, antipsychotics dosage, potency, benztropine, ACSE, CGI, BPRS, PANSS, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K scores were not correlated with increased sexual dysfunctions. Conclusions : Male schizophrenics have significantly more sexual dysfunction to compare with controls. The higher frequencies of sexual dysfunctions were low sexual desire and erectile disorder. The unmarried, higher age at onset, and longer duration of diseases were positively correlated with increased sexual dysfunctions. Also high 5-HT levels were positively correlated with increased sexual dysfunctions. This means that studies of plasma 5-HT levels, albeit questionable indicators of central 5-HT function, offer some additional support for the association of sexual dysfunction with excess 5-HT activity as primary pathology of schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that excess 5-HT activity seems to affect the patient's sexual function.

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ERF Components Patterns of Causal Question Generation during Observation of Biological Phenomena : A MEG Study (생명현상 관찰에서 나타나는 인과적 의문 생성의 ERF 특성 : MEG 연구)

  • Kwon, Suk-Won;Kwon, Yong-Ju
    • Journal of Science Education
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.336-345
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study is to analysis ERF components patterns of causal questions generated during the observation of biological phenomenon. First, the system that shows pictures causing causal questions based on biological phenomenon (evoked picture system) was developed in a way of cognitive psychology. The ERF patterns of causal questions based on time-series brain processing was observed using MEG. The evoked picture system was developed by R&D method consisting of scientific education experts and researchers. Tasks were classified into animal (A), microbe (M), and plant (P) tasks according to biological species and into interaction (I), all (A), and part (P) based on the interaction between different species. According to the collaboration with MEG team in the hospital of Seoul National University, the paradigm of MEG task was developed. MEG data about the generation of scientific questions in 5 female graduate student were collected. For examining the unique characteristic of causal question, MEG ERF components were analyzed. As a result, total 100 pictures were produced by evoked picture and 4 ERF components, M1(100~130ms), M2(220~280ms), M3(320~390ms), M4(460~520ms). The present study could guide personalized teaching-learning method through the application and development of scientific question learning program.

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Involvement of Serotonergic Mechanism in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius for the Regulation of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Rats (흰쥐의 혈압 및 심박동수 조절에 대하여 Nucleus Tractus Solitarius 부위의 Serotonin성 기전의 역할)

  • Lee, Yong-Kyu;Hong, Ki-Whan;Yoon, Jae-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 1989
  • In this study, it was aimed to investigate the role of serotonergic neurotransmission in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) for the central regulation of blood pressure and heart rate and its involvement in baroreceptor reflex activation in rats. A microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the NTS produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. Maximal decreases were $34.4{\pm}1.6$ mmHg and $41.7{\pm}10.2$ beats per min by 300 pmol of 5-HT. Microinjections of ${\alpha}-methylnor-adrenaline$ $({\alpha}-MNE)$ and clonidine manifested similar decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. The hypotensive and bradycardial effects of 5-HT were blocked by previous applications of 5-HT antagonists, ritanserin, methysergide and ketanserin into the NTS, respectively. By pretreatment with reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, i.c.v.), both hypotensive and bradycardial effects of 5-HT were significantly attenuated. Pretreatment with 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, i.c.v.) enhanced the hypotensive and bradycardial effects of 5-HT. Similarly, following pretreatment with 6-OHDA, the effects of clonidine were increased. Pretreatment either with 5,7-DHT or 6-OHDA significantly attenuated the sensitivity of baroreflex produced either by phenylephrine or by sodium nitroprusside. When either 5,7-DHT or 6-OHDA was injected into the NTS $(5,7-DHT;\;8{\mu}g\;6-OHDA;\;10{\mu}g)$, both of the baroreflex sensitivities were impaired. In the immunohistochemical study, the injection of 6-OHDA into the the NTS led to reduction of axon terminal varicosity, however, the injection did not reduce the numbers of catecholaminergic cell bodies. Likewise, when 5,7-DHT was injected into the NTS, the varicosity of serotonergic axon terminals was markedly reduced. Based on these results, it is suggested that (1) stimulation of serotonergic receptors in the NTS leads to decreases in blood pressure and heart rate as observed with the stimulation of catecholaminergic system, (2) both serotonergic and catecholaminergic receptors may be located postsynaptically, and (3) the serotonergic neurons as well as catecholaminergic neurons may have a close relevance for the activation of baroreflex.

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Beneficial Effects of High-Dose Transamine on Hematologic Aspects in Cardiopulmonary Bypass (체외순환시 혈액학적 상황에 대한 고용량 Transamine의 유익한 효과)

  • 김병훈;최석철;최국렬;최강주;조광현
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.31 no.10
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    • pp.964-972
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    • 1998
  • Background: The purpose of this study was to independently evaluate the beneficial effects of a high dose of transamine administrated prior to CPB on the postoperative hematologic aspect and bleeding. Materials and methods: This study included randomly selected groups of 40 adult patients undergoing OHS with CPB. All patients were divided into 2 groups: transamine group (T-group, n=20) and placebo group(P-group, n=20). The T-group received a high-dose of transamine(10 g) before and during CPB. The P-group received normal saline at the same times and served as a control group. Results: The results of comparative studies between the 2 groups in the same hematologic variables were summarized as follows. \circled1 During CPB, the fibrinogen concentrations and platelet counts were significantly lower in the P-group than in the T-group(p<0.01). \circled2 During CPB, production of D-dimer occurred in 18 patients(90%) in the P-group and did not occur in the T-group(0%) (p<0.0001). \circled3 At CPB-off, the % concentration of fibrinogen(70.2$\pm$3.9%) and the % platelet counts(72.4$\pm$4.5%) of the T-group were significantly higher than those(54.5$\pm$3.8%, 64.3$\pm$2.9%) of the P-group(p<0.01). \circled4 Postoperative values of PT(14.0$\pm$0.03 sec.) and aPTT (27.6$\pm$0.1 sec.) of the T-group were significantly lower than those(16.0$\pm$0.02sec., 30.1$\pm$0.1sec.) of the P-group(p<0.05). \circled5 Postoperative bleeding and requirement of whole blood and other blood products were significantly less in the T-group than in the P-group(p <0.05). \circled6 There were no significant hypercoagulability signs such as cerebral em bolism, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, or any other neurological prob lems in either group. Conclusions: We concluded that a high dose of transamine administered prior to CPB prevents the activation of fibri nolytic system and has beneficial effects of reducing the postoperative bleeding t endency without apparent hypercoagulability signs.

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Depression and Coronary Artery Disease(I) : Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (우울증과 관상동맥 질환(I) : 병태생리적 기전)

  • Bae, Kyung-Yeol;Kim, Jae-Min;Yoon, Jin-Sang
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.275-287
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    • 2008
  • Depression and coronary artery disease are both highly prevalent diseases. Many previous studies suggest that depression is a common comorbid condition in patients with coronary artery disease and has a significant negative impact on the onset, course, and prognosis of coronary artery disease. However, the exact mechanisms that underlie the association between these two diseases remain unclear. Pathophysiologic mechanisms that may explain the effect of depression on coronary artery disease include hypercoagulability, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system dysregulation, altered inflammatory response. On the contrary, pathophysiologic mechanisms in coronary artery disease that affect depression are less well known. It is also suggested that both diseases may share a common genetic vulnerability. The authors reviewed the literature on the pathophysiologic relationships of depression and coronary heart disease.

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Antioxidant Activity and Inhibitory Effect against Oxidative Neuronal Cell Death of Kimchi Containing a Mixture of Wild Vegetables with Nitrite Scavenging Activity (아질산염 소거 작용을 가진 산채 혼합물을 함유한 김치의 항산화 활성 및 산화적 신경세포 사멸 억제 효과)

  • Kang, Kyung Hun;Park, Si Young;Kwon, Ki Han;Lim, Heekyung;Kim, Sung Hyun;Kim, Jeong Gyun;Chung, Mi Ja
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.10
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    • pp.1458-1469
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    • 2015
  • This study was carried out to investigate the nitrite scavenging activities (NSA) of nine kinds of wild vegetables in a $NaNO_2$ model system and nitrite of Chinese cabbage as well as the inhibitory effect of kimchi containing a mixture of wild vegetables (MWV) with nitrite scavenging activity on brain neuronal cell death. NSA was higher at pH 1.2 than pH 4.2 in all samples. NSA of extracts from sprouts of Oenothera laciniata and Aster scaber (AS) was above 90% at pH 1.2. AS, Codonopsis lanceolate (CL), Adenophora triphylla (AT), Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), and Taraxacum officinale (TO) extracts showed significantly higher levels of NSA than those from other extracts at pH 4.2. CL, AT, PG, and TO extracts showed high NSA on nitrite of Chinese cabbage. In addition, the effects of MWV on antioxidant and brain neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress were investigated in human brain neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. MWV extract attenuated $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in SK-N-SH cells. MWV extract showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenger activity when compared to normal kimchi extract. MWV extract showed an inhibitory effect on brain neuronal cell death against oxidative stress by antioxidant activities.

Protective effects of kaempferol, quercetin, and its glycosides on amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity in C6 glial cell (Kaempferol, quercetin 및 그 배당체의 amyloid beta 유도 신경독성에 대한 C6 신경교세포 보호 효과)

  • Kim, Ji Hyun;Kim, Hyun Young;Cho, Eun Ju
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.62 no.4
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    • pp.327-332
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    • 2019
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. Oxidative stress by amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) of neuronal cell is the most cause of AD. In the present study, protective effects of several flavonoids such as kaempferol (K), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (KG), quercetin (Q) and quercetin-3-β-ᴅ-glucoside (QG) from Aβ25-35 were investigated using C6 glial cell. Treatment of Aβ25-35 to C6 glial cell showed decrease of cell viability, while treatment of flavonoids such as Q and QG increased cell viability. In addition, treatment of flavonoids declined reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with Aβ25-35-induced control. The ROS production was increased by treatment of Aβ25-35 to 133.39%, while KG and QG at concentration of 1 μM decreased ROS production to 107.44 and 113.10%, respectively. To study mechanisms of protective effect of these flavonoids against Aβ25-35, the protein expression related to inflammation under Aβ25-35-induced C6 glial cell was investigated. The results showed that C6 glial cell under Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress up-regulated inflammation-related protein expressions. However, treatment of flavonoids led to reduction of protein expression such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1β. Especially, treatment of KG and QG decreased more effectively inflammation-related protein expression than its aglycones, K and Q. Therefore, the present results indicated that K, Q and its glycosides attenuated Aβ25-35-induced neuronal oxidative stress and inflammation.

Current Status and Prospects of Various Methods used for Screening Probiotic Microorganisms (Probiotic 미생물 검사에 사용되는 다양한 방법들에 대한 현황과 향후 전망)

  • Kim, Dong-Hyeon;Kim, Hong-Seok;Jeong, Dana;Chon, Jung-Whan;Kim, Hyunsook;Kim, Young-Ji;Kang, Il-Byung;Lee, Soo-Kyung;Song, Kwang-Young;Park, Jin-Hyeong;Chang, Ho-Seok;Seo, Kun-Ho
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.203-216
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    • 2016
  • Probiotic microorganisms are thought to provide health benefits when consumed. In 2001, the World Health Organization defined probiotics as "live microorganisms which confer a health benefit on the host, when administered in adequate amounts." Three methods for screening potential probiotics have currently widely available. (1) In vitro assays of potential probiotics are preferred because of their simplicity and low cost. (2) The use of in vivo approaches for exploring various potential probiotics reflects the enormous diversity in biological models with various complex mechanisms. (3) Potential probiotics have been analyzed using several genetic and omics technologies to identify gene expression or protein production patterns under various conditions. However, there is no ideal procedure for selecting potential probiotics than testing cadidate strains on the target population. Hence, in this review, we provide an overview of the different methodologies used to identify new probiotic strains. Furthermore, we describe futre perspectives for the use of in vitro, in vivo and omics in probiotic research.

Optimum Population in Korea : An Economic Perspective (한국의 적정인구: 경제학적 관점)

  • Koo, Sung-Yeal
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.1-32
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    • 2005
  • The optimum population of a society or country can be defined as 'the population growth path that maximizes the welfare level of the society over the whole generations of both the present and the future, under the paths allowed by its endowments of production factors such as technology, capital and labor'. Thus, the optimum size or growth rate of population depends on: (i) the social welfare function, (ii) the production function, and (iii)demographic economic interrelationship which defines how the national income is disposed into consumption(birth and education of children included) and savings on the one hand and how the demographic and economic change induced thereby, in turn, affect production capacities on the other. The optimum population growth path can, then, be derived in the process of dynamic optimization of (i) under the constraints of (ii) and (iii), which will give us the optimum population growth rate defined as a function of parameters thereof. This paper estimates the optimum population growth rate of Korea by: specifying (i), (ii), and (iii) based on the recent development of economic theories, solving the dynamic optimization problem and inserting empirical estimates in Korea as the parametric values. The result shows that the optimum path of population growth in Korea is around TFR=1.81, which is affected most sensitively, in terms of the size of the partial elasticity around the optimum path, by the cost of children, share of capital income, consumption rate, time preference, population elasticity of utility function, etc. According to a survey implemented as a follow up study, there are quite a significant variations in the perceived cost of children, time preference rate, population elasticity of utility across different socio-economic classes in Korea, which implied that, compared to their counterparts, older generation and more highly educated classes prefer higher growth path for the population of Korea.