• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 1993

The pathophysiology and neural mechanism involved in Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder are highly controversial. In order to investigate the functional abnormalities of brain. In Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder, 42 children with Tourette's and chronic motor disorder underwent single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) using Tc-99m-HM-PAO. The results are summarized as follows : 1) 31.0% (13/42) of this series revealed perfusion defect in cerebral cortex. 2) 4.8% (2/42) revealed perfusion defect in basal ganglia. 3) 4.8(2/42) revealed perfusion defect in thalamus. 4) 16.7%(7/42) showed perfusion defect in cerebellum. 5) The frequency of abnormal perfusion showed no significant difference between tic with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 6) The frequency of abnormal perfusion showed no significant difference between Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder. These findings support the hypothesis of a possible involvement of brain dysfunction in the production of Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder, and quantification of blood flow and co-registration with magnetic resonance imaging will increase the validity of this study.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.35
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• pp.1-27
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• 2014

This study is a process of studying an alternative educational model and a preceding analysis process of the study where a teaching method considering the brain function, learning and creative mechanism is applied with a perspective of effectively increasing the animation drawing ability. Recently, studies in each field of study is not simply limited to one major but are attempting to produce subdivided integrated educational contents through integrated study activities with other fields. It is because for any field, it has a complex structure of humanistic experience and this is the same for artistic fields. Especially, in the field of animation, a specialized area is subdivided so when looking only at the education related to the drawing, the items required for expertise should be clarified and the development of a systematic educational method is required. Therefore in this study, a literature study result to design the educational model suitable for professional characteristics of animation education method is proposed. The study aims to conceptualize and categorize the meaning of drawing that can refine the basic ability for education of animation field to suit the characteristics of majoring field. Afterwards, the components are derived through re-established concept of drawing and categories, and this becomes the basis for the process of materializing the study goal which is the follow-up work. As a result, the components are examined by defining the meaning of drawing as the motion drawing due to the characteristics of the picture contents field, and used as a basis for planning the educational model applied with brain scientific creative-learning principles.

• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.284-287
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• 2018

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation of one of two genes, TSC1 (encoding hamartin, 9q34) and TSC2 (encoding tuberin, 16p13). It invades the central nervous system and various parts of the body, causing various symptoms. Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease that has not been clearly elucidated. It is thought to be caused by an excessive immune response of the body to bacteria that normally exist in the digestive tract with genetic factors. No cases have been reported in which both of the above-mentioned diseases occurred simultaneously. We report a case of CD in a patient with TSC. A 12-year-old boy was brought to our hospital because of abdominal pain. Skin lesions were observed in the TSC. Fundus examination revealed a hamartoma in the right retina. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a subendothelial giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA). On the basis of these findings, he was diagnosed as having TSC. Blood test results showed increased levels of inflammatory markers. On abdominal ultrasonography, his colon walls were observed to be thickened with increased vascularity of the proximal ascending colon, ileocecal valve, and terminal ileum. Colonoscopy revealed discontinuous ulcerations and inflammations of the ileum, IC valve, and cecum, similar to those found in CD. Everolimus was administered orally for the SEGA but was discontinued frequently owing to the exacerbation of CD. The possibility of CD should be kept in mind in patients with TSC considering to undergo treatment for SEGA.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.438-444
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• 2005

Purpose: Anhedonia has been proposed to be the result of a basic neurophysiologic dysfunction and a vulnerability marker that precede and contribute to the liability of developing schizophrenia. We hypothesized that anhedonia, as a construct reflecting the decreased capacity to experience pleasure, should be associated with decreased positive hedonic affect trait. This study examined the relationship between anhedonia and positive hedonic affect trait and searched for the brain legions which correlate with anhedonia in normal subjects. Materials and Methods: Using $^{18}F$-FDG PET scan, we investigated the brain activity of twenty one subjects during resting state. Questionnaires were administrated after the scan in order to assess the self-rated individual differences in physical/social anhedonia and positive/negative affect traits. Results: Negative correlation between physical anhedonia score and positive affect trait score was significant (Pearson coefficient =-0.440, p<0.05). The subjects physical and social anhedonia scores showed positive correlation with metabolic rates in the cerebellum and negative correlation with metabolic rates in the inferior temporal gyrus and middie frontal gyrus. In addition, the positive affect trait score positively correlated with various areas, most prominent with the inferior temporal gyrus. Conclusion: These results suggest that neural substrates, such as the inferior temporal gyrus and prefrontal-cerebellar circuit, which dysfunction has been proposed to be involved with the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, may also play a significant role in the liability of affective deficits like anhedonia.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2015

Objectives The power spectral analysis of electroencephalogram has been widely used to reveal the pathophysiology of the alcoholic brain. However, the results were not consistent and the three dimensional study can be hardly found. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of the three dimensional electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of alcohol dependent patients using standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). Methods The participants consisted of 30 alcohol dependent patients and 30 normal healthy controls. All the participants were males who had refrained from alcohol at least one month and were not taking any medications. Thirty two channel EEG data was collected in the resting state with eyes-closed condition during 30 seconds. The three dimensional data was compared between two groups using sLORETA for delta, theta, alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 frequency bands. Results sLORETA revealed significantly increased brain cortical activity in alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 bands each in alcohol dependent patients compared to normal controls. The voxels showing the maximum significance were in the left transverse temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, and left fusiform gyrus in alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 bands respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that chronic alcohol intake may cause neurophysiological changes in cerebral activity. Therefore, the measuring of EEG can be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of cognitive impairements in alcohol dependence.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2000

This paper proposes a non-self-intersecting multiresolution deformable model to extract and reconstruct three-dimensional boundaries of objects from volumetric data. Deformable models offer an attractive method for extracting and reconstructing the boundary surfaces. However, convensional deformable models have three limitations- sensitivity to model initialization, difficulties in dealing with severe object concavities, and model self-intersections. We address the initialization problem by multiresolution model representation, which progressively refines the deformable model based on multiresolution volumetric data in order to extract the boundaries of the objects in a coarse-to-fine fashion. The concavity problem is addressed by mesh size regularization, which matches its size to the unit voxel of the volumetric data. We solve the model self-intersection problem by including a non-self-intersecting force among the customary internal and external forces in the physics-based formulation. This paper presents results of applying our new deformable model to extracting a sphere surface with concavities from a computer-generated volume data and a brain cortical surface from a MR volume data.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2001

Purpose : We investigated the reproducibility of language lateralization by 4 different word generation paradigms or the rest contents in each paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging in normal volunteers Materials and Methods Nine normal volunteers with left-handedness (mean age: 25 yrs) were examined on a 1.57 MR unit using a single-shot gradient echo epibold sequence. Four different word generation paradigms of noun, verb, adjective and adverb were used in each normal volunteer for investigating language system. In each paradigm, two different rest contents consisted of only seeing the " +" symbol or reading the meaningless letters. Each task consisted of 96 phases including 3 activations and 6 rests of 2 different contents. Two activation maps in one task were obtained under two different rest contents using the correlation method. We evaluated the detection rates of Broca and Wernicke areas and the differences of language lateralization among four different word generation paradigms, or between the rest contents. Results : The detection rates of Broca and Wernicke areas were over 67 % in 4 different language paradigms and there was no significant difference of them among language paradigms, or between two different rest contents. Language dominances, in all 4 different language paradigms, were shown to be consistent in 66 %, but were contrary with language paradigms in some subjects. The rest contents made no significant effect on dominant language dominance determination, but the success rates of the dominant language dominances determined from 4 language paradigms were higher in reading the meaningless letter (100%, n=9) than in only seeing "+" on screen at the rest task (78%, n=7).

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.183-192
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• 2005

This study compared cerebral lateralization index based on the area of neural activation with that based on the intensity of neural activation. For this purpose, 8 right-handed male college students (the mean age - 23.5 years) and 10 right-handed male college students (the mean age - 25.1 years) participated respectively in researches on visuospatial and verbal task brain function. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. The result of measuring cerebral lateralization index based on the area of neural activation suggested that the right hemisphere is dominant in visuospatial tasks and the left one is in verbal tasks. However, the dominance is not sufficient to locate the exact part of the brain for these tasks. When cerebral lateralization index was computed based on the intensity of neural activation, it was derived that the area of cerebral lateralization closely related to visuospatial tasks is the superior parietal lobe, and the area of cerebral lateralization closely related to verbal tasks is the inferior and middle frontal lobes. Thus, cerebral lateralization index by area based on the intensity of neural activation as proposed by this study can determine the dominance of the cerebrum by area, so is helpful for accurate and quantitative determination of cerebral lateralization.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of psychometric analysis among patients with Post-traumatic organic mental disorder according to the lesion of MRI finding of traumatic brain injury. Methods : We divided 35 patients into 4 groups according to the lesion of MRI finding of brain injury. We evaluated the difference of the subscales of MMPI and K-WAIS among 4 groups with Post-traumatic organic mental disorder by ANOVA. Results : We found no significant difference of all subscales of MMPI and K -WAIS among 4 groups by ANOVA. Compared Rt hemispheric injury group with Lt hemispheric injury group by independent t-test, the depression scale in MMPI scored significantly higher in Lt hemispheric injury group, and the block design in K-WAIS scored significantly lower in Rt hemispheric injury group. Conclusion : This study suggests that Lt hemispheric injury be significantly related to depression, and Rt hemispheric injury be significantly related to visuospatial ability.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.429-446
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• 2010

This study is to examine if emotional valance depending upon the result of baseball game(losing or winning) of subjects' favorite team yields hemispheric asymmetry measured by fMRI. Subjects were twelve fans of the Samsung Lions baseball team. The brain activations have been observed while they watched winning and losing scenes of their favorite team. As a results of the experiment, those who watched winning scenes showed the activation of the left and right cuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left amygdala, right parahippocampal gyrus, left uncus, left cingulate gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left culmen. On the contrary, those who watched losing scenes showed the activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, left sub-gyral, left lentifomrm nucleus, left thalamus, left claustrum, left insula. The evidence of hemispheric asymmetry from this study has not been demonstrated and activation in amygdala observed during watching winning scene has not been observed in losing scene. Therefore more in-dept research is required about defeat stimuli induction.