• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.30-51
• /
• 2011

During the process of modernization, many rural villages in Korea have experienced degeneration and breakdown, losing sustainability. However, Oeam village in Asan City, South Chungcheong Province (State-designated cultural heritage, Important Folk Material No. 236) has established itself as a unique folk village, which evolves with sustainability, pursuing the revival of Neo-traditionalism. Oeam village is a tribal village of the Yis from the Yean region and has maintained environmental, economic, and social sustainability and soundness for over five centuries. Thus, the village has sustained itself well enough to be a cultural asset with 'Outstanding Universal Value', in terms of its value as world cultural heritage. The village maintains its own identity, filled with a variety of traditional and scenic cultural assets that symbolize a gentry village. Those assets include Confucian sceneries (head family houses, ancestral shrines, tombs, gravestones, commemorative monuments, and pavilions), various assets of folk religion (totem poles, protective trees at the entrance of a village, shrines for mountain spirits, village forests), tangible and intangible cultural assets related to daily lives (vigorous family activities, rigorous ancestral rituals, family rituals, collective agriculture and protection of ecosystem), which have all been well preserved and inherited. In particular, this village is an example of a well-being community with a well-preserved folksy atmosphere, which is based on environmentally sound settlements (nature + economy + environment + community) in a village established according to geomancy, East Asia's unique principle of environmental design. In addition, the village has kept the sustainability and authenticity for more than 500 years, combining restraint towards the environment and the view of the environment which respects the natural order and cultural values (capacity + healthy + sustainability). Therefore, the Oeam folk village can be a representative example of a folksy and scenic Korean community which falls into the category of IV (to exemplify an outstanding type of building, architectural or technological ensemble, or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history) and V (to exemplify an outstanding traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of cultures, or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change) of Unesco's World Cultural Heritage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
• /
• 2009.09a
• /
• pp.103-103
• /
• 2009

한국 최초의 벼 재배지이고 농경문화의 근원지인 김포시는 경기도 북서부지역에 위치하고 있다. 북쪽과 동쪽으로 한강을 사이에 두고 있고 강화만 및 한강 하구부 염하 등이 3면을 둘러싸여 있어 김포반도라 한다. 서쪽에 문수산(376m), 장릉산(150m), 수안산(147m) 등의 낮은 산들이 소구릉지를 이루고 있으며 한강에 의한 토사의 운반 퇴적으로 이루어져 농경에 적합한 김포평야를 이룬다. 이런 특징을 갖고 있는 김포지역 향토자원 조사를 위하여 고문헌, 군지, 학술지 등의 자료를 통해 총 563종의 향토자원 목록을 정리하였다. 향토자원의 유형분류를 해보면 인물 193종(34.3%), 자연생태환경 140종(24.9%), 유물유적 136종(24.2%), 민속풍속 79종(14.0%), 전통식품 특산품 15종(2.7%)의 비율로 나타났다. 이 중 활용성이 있는 것으로 판단되는 자원을 지역 전문가 협의회를 통해 1차 선발 평가하여 기본조사를 실시하였고, 향토자원의 가치, 산업화 가능성 평가를 통해 2차 심층조사 대상을 선정하였다. 김포시 향토자원 목록 총 563종 중, 179종이 기본조사 자원으로 선정되어 기본조사를 실시한 결과, 설화 전설자원이 34종(19.0%), 전통제전 자원이 19종(10.6%), 유적사적지와 건축자원이 각 18종(10.1%), 수변 및 해양자원 자원이 15종(8.4%), 조각 자원이 15종(8.4%), 마을자원이 10종(5.6%) 등으로 나타났다. 각 자원의 명칭을 보면 설화 전설은 선돌이 전설, 김삿갓의 일화, 형제투금, 애기봉전설 등이었고, 전통제전은 김포통진두레놀이, 손돌공 진혼제, 대명리 풍어제 등의 자원이, 유적사적지는 덕포진(사적 제292호), 수안산성(지방기념물 제159호), 장릉(사적 제202호) 등으로 조사되었는데, 특히 지석묘의 분포가 많았다. 기본조사 자원을 대상으로 지역전문가 2차 협의회를 통해 향토자원의 가치, 산업화 가능성 등을 평가하여 53종을 선정하였고, 유물유적 24종(45.3%), 민속풍속 12종(22.6%), 자연 생태환경 10종(18.9%), 전통식품 특산품 4종(7.5%), 인물 3종(5.7%) 비율로 나타났다. 향토자원 산업화는 생산물 품질고급화나 농산물 가공분야가 점차 감소하고 천연염색 공예, 관광, 문화상품 등으로 다각화되고 있으므로 김포시의 농촌문화와 전통지식기술자원이 지자체와 지역주민들에 의해 활성화되기를 기대한다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.129-137
• /
• 2006

A study was conducted to investigate the behavior of pollutant forms at each area in the sewage treatment plant by natural purification method. The sewage treatment plant by natural purification method that consisted of aerobic and anaerobic area was constructed. The efficiency of sewage treatment depending on the operation time, the loading amount of pollutant season variation were investigated. The removal amount of BOD, COD, TOC and SS in the aerobic area was significantly increased as the treatment proceeded. Decreased BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N and T-P depending on the loading amount of pollutants in the aerobic and ananerobic area were mostly insoluble BOD (IBOD), insoluble COD (ICOD), soluble TOC (STOC), volatile SS (VSS), dissolved T-N (DTN) and dissolved T-N (DTP) types, respectively. The removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N and T-P in hot season (summer and autumn) were more than that in cold season (spring and winter). The removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N and T-P of the effluent were about 92, 89, 73, 95, 46 and 84% in all seasons, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.20-33
• /
• 2018

This study aims to illuminated landscape of Joseon Dynasty in the end of 19th century when Joseon dynasty began to modernize through the perspective of Westerners. Historical meaning to Western people's landscape records has been preceded. And landscape typology and their perception were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, the Westerners who visited Joseon dynasty at that time were involved in the historical and political situation of the Joseon Dynasty or understood their culture through traveling for so long. And record of Westerners is a significant data to analyze scenery at that time because common contents appear in various books. Second, the landscape of Joseon dynasty that appears in Western records was mainly recorded in small towns and villages, natural environments, scenic sites, historic sites, modern facilities, and cultivated areas. Small towns and villages are mainly mentioned with shabby alleys and dense houses. And natural landscape were identified to mountain landscapes and diverse geomorphological landscape that surrounding vegetation along the coast and rivers. The palaces, fortress and temples were recorded as main objects of scenic sites and historic site. And western-style buildings such as foreign legations and settlements, churches and schools were mentioned in the modernized facilities. A cultivated land was confirmed to be underdeveloped and neglected, but as range of view became wider, it was seen to a peaceful and prosperous rural landscape. Third, Westerners' landscape perception of Joseon dynasty at that time can be deduced from positive or negative perceptions. The residential environment was perceived as negative because it was unsanitary and backward. On the contrary, outstanding natural landscapes, scenic sites and historic sites, and upper class gardens were perceived as positive. For modernized landscapes, positive and negative perceptions were similarly mentioned. Positive perceptions were formed in improvement of civilized landscape, and appeared negative perception because damaged traditional landscapes and heterogeneity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.101-116
• /
• 2018

Sustainability science is an emerging transdisciplinary research which necessitates not only the communication and collaboration of scientists, practitioners and stakeholders from different disciplines and interests, but also the paradigm shift from deterministic and reductionist approaches to the old basic. Ecological-societal systems (ESS) are co-evolving complex systems having many interacting parts (or agents) whose random interactions at local scale give rise to spontaneous emerging order at global scale (i.e., self-organization). Here, the flows of energy, matter and information between the systems and their surroundings play a key role. We introduce a conceptual framework for such continually morphing dynamical systems, i.e. self-organizing hierarchical open systems (SOHOs). To understand the structure and functionality of SOHOs, we revisit the two fundamental laws of physics. Re-interpretation of these principles helps understand the destiny and better path toward sustainability, and how to reconcile ecosystem integrity with societal vision and value. We then integrate the so-called visioneering (V) framework with that of SOHOs as feedback/feedforward loops so that 'a nudged self-organization' may guide systems' agents to work together toward sustainable ESS. Finally, example is given with newly endorsed Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Lab (i.e., 'Rural systems visioneering') by Future Earth, which is now underway in rural villages in Tanzania.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.74-86
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to deduce the landscape evaluation indices that can be applied from the preparation for the registration of major national farm/fishery heritages to post-management. For this purpose, the Delphi survey was performed on experts. From August to November in 2014, the primary open survey, secondary open survey, and tertiary closed survey were performed to gather opinions from 28 experts, 25 experts, and 29 experts, respectively. As a result, the landscape evaluation indices for farm/fishery heritage consisted of five areas of evaluation, ten items of evaluation, and 40 indices of evaluation. The areas of evaluation were rurality, authenticity, aesthetics, tourism potentials, and locality. Rurality was classified into rurality of farm/fishery towns and nostalgia. Authenticity was classified into objective authenticity and existential authenticity. Aesthetics was classified into attractiveness and harmony. Tourism potentials were classified into value of resources and value of usability. Locality was divided into physical originality and cultural identity. The study made the following findings: first, the general grounds of farm/fishery landscape evaluation cannot be applied when evaluating the quality of landscapes of farm/fishery heritage, as their value as a cultural heritage should be considered. Second, the new indices valued emotional factors in addition to the physical factors considered by the existing farm/fishery landscapes. The new indices involved a more expanded concept of landscapes as it also considers everyday or temporary activities, including the farm/fishery activities of local people or participation in festivals and experience programs. Third, farm/fishery heritage focuses on the lives of local people, as it involves both the synchronic and the diachronic perspectives to see what is currently visible and what is no longer visible. This brings into consideration not only the farms and the natural environments but also their relationships with the villages, especially the residential areas. Finally, the indices reflected both the farm/fishery heritage's value as cultural heritage and its value for tourism. They derived temporary and dynamic landscapes, including the trading activities of local specialty markets in relation to the production landscapes. However, further studies should be conducted as this study could not rate the relative importance of indices or compare the total scores of landscapes without the weight of each item.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.138-161
• /
• 2011

The 'Jwasuyeongseongji' (Site of naval wall-fortress in Suyeong) in Busan is the subject of this study. It has been desturbed mostly, and is named 'Suyeong historic site'. One of the important aspects of 'Jwasuyeongseongji' is that it was a historic place confronting with the Japanese Invasion of Chosun in 1592. This was the place where the Japanese Invasion of Chosun broke out and a number of people were slaughtered by the Japanese invaders. Now the place is converted to a playground. Although 'Jwasuyeongseongji' is the place of historic interest, the forest area is separated by paths and sidewalks. Further, there are sports facilities and relaxing people. Examples of advanced countries show that the abuse like Jwaisuyeongseongji is thoroughly prohibited. Although the Dangsan forest of jwasuyeongseongji remains in the megalopolis of Busan, it has been damaged and abused in spite of being a historic site. Nevertheless, Jwasuyeongseongji is an invaluable traditional cultural heritage. The objective of this study was to search for solutions of authenticity restoration for the remains of Dangsan forest at Jwasuyeongseongji in Busan. The Dangsan forest at Jwasuyeongseongji is a forest of Pinus thunbergii in an area of $130{\times}230m$. Jwasuyeongseongji is currently named Suyeong historic park, and is registered as monuments No. 8 by Suyeong-gu, Busan. The two Dangsan trees at Jwasuyeongseongji are registered as natural monuments No. 270 and No. 311. The complex management system needs to be designated as 'Dangsan forest of Jwasuyeongseongji in Busan', and managed as a natural monument or national historic site. Dangsan forest has a meaning of divine place. Therefore, the artificial facilities need to be removed from Dangsan forest so that the original features are restored with the spirit of Jwasuyeongseongji. Also, the administration needs to be transfered from Suyeong-gu, Busan to the Cultural Heritage Administration.