• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to compare dioxin contents in spinach, soil and air and to evaluate the relation of dioxin concentrations in crop and its cultural environment. Sample weighing for the precise peak detection in dioxin analysis was also determined. The fragmentogram of HpCDFs, and especially OCDF, indicated different pattern from that of TeCDD/F, PeCDD/Fs and HxCDDs/Fs, which showed the same pattern. In case of field culture spinach (wet sample 2 kg) in Japan, peak of OCDF could be detected clearly, while market spinach (wet sample 1 kg) showed the only baseline detection. The result makes it possible to suppose the fact that production place of market spinach was not contaminated with OCDF, but atmospheric pattern of production place was similar to that of open field sample. So we could decide that the sample of agricultural crops were needed more than 2 kg in wet weight for the evaluation of precise peak The total tendency of dioxin concentration levels in field culture spinach may be affected by OCDD and HCDF distributed in soil. However, on the whole the major factor seems to be the atmospheric deposition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.120-121
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• 2003

과수원에서 재배되는 배는 과수원 내의 위치, 시비, 토양 등의 요인에 따라 다양한 품질을 나타내며, 당도와 숙도의 편차가 크기 때문에 과수농가에서는 경험에 의존하여 적정 숙기로 판단되는 배를 수확하고 있다. 그러나 과학적이지 못한 사실에 기초한 수확 관행은 시장유통되는 배에 대하여 소비자들의 신뢰성 저하를 초래하게 되고 소비 감소와 더불어 농가 소득 감소로 이어지게 된다. 최근, 전국의 청과물 산지유통센터에는 근적외선을 이용하여 과일 내부의 당도, 산도, 결함 등을 실시간으로 판정할 수 있는 비파괴 선별기가 보급되고 있으나 이는 수확이후의 선별.규격화 유통을 위한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이와는 달리, 수확 이전, 즉 재배 단계에서 배의 당도와 숙도를 판정하여 수확적기를 판단할 수 있도록 나무에 매달린 배에 대하여 가시광선과 근적외선 반사스펙트럼을 측정할 수 있고 이를 이용하여 당도와 숙도가 판정가능한 휴대형 센서를 개발하였으며, 개발된 시작기를 이용하여 당도판정의 가능성을 시험하였다. 휴대형 당도판정센서는 광원과 광섬유프로브, 광검출부, 당도판정부, 전원공급부로 구성된다. 광원은 할로겐램프(6V)를 이용하였고, 광섬유프로브는 동심원 형태로서 외부의 광섬유를 통하여 광원에서 시료로 빛이 조사되게 하고, 내부의 광섬유를 통하여 광검출기로 확산반사되는 광이 전달될 수 있도록 하였다. 전원공급부는 휴대와 충전이 가능한 배터리(12V, 2AH)와 이 배터리에서 정전류가 광원으로 보내어 질 수 있도록 제작된 회로로 구성하였다. 당도 판정을 위하여 518nm에서 1046nm의 파장대역에서의 반사스펙트럼을 이용하였고, 레퍼런스로써 백색 테플론 구를 제작하여 사용하였다. 수원 농산물 도매시장에서 판매중인 2002년산 신고 배를 구매하고, 시작기를 이용하여 총 113개의 배에 대한 반사스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 다음으로 굴절당도계로 당도값을 측정하고 반사스펙트림을 이용하여 당도값을 예측하기 위한 부분최소제곱회귀(PLSR)모델을 개발하였다. 여기서 모델의 정밀도는 교차검정법을 이용하여 검증하였다. 시료 표면과 광섬유프로브와의 접촉상태 불균일, 광원의 시간에 따른 경시 변화, 과일 형상의 차이 등에 의하여 측정된 반사스펙트럼은 상당한 변이를 나타내었으므로 이를 보정하기 위하여 반사 스펙트럼은 다분산보정처리하여 이용하였다. 당도 예측용 PLSR모델 개발의 결과, 모델의 결정계수($R^2$)는 0.67, SEC는 $\pm$0.4brix.로 나타났으며, 교차검정에 의한 미지 시료의 예측에서 총 113개의 미지 시료에 대한 결정계수는 0.57, SEP는 $\pm$ 0.46brix.로 나타났으며, 이는 현장에서 충분히 활용가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 금후, 전체 시스템의 부피와 중량을 줄이고 각 부분품들의 전력소모의 최소화할 수 있도록 개선할 계획이다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.145.2-146
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• 2003

2002년 주류 소비량은 맥주 1,739,768㎘, 소주 793,854㎘, 청주 22,163㎘, 위스키 14,493㎘, 일반증류주 8,750㎘, 과실주 8,235㎘ 순으로 과실주의 소비량이 월등히 적다. 이와 같이 과실주의 소비량이 적은 이유는 여러 가지 원인이 있겠으나 과실주의 상품화가 미흡한 것도 하나의 원인이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 과실을 이용한 다양한 발효주를 제조 판매한다면 소비자의 선택의 폭도 넓힐 수 있고 소비량을 확대시키는 과실주 상품화에 기여하리라 본다. 매실은 우리나라의 전통과실로써 Ca와 K등 무기물의 함량이 매우 높은 알카리성 식품이고 구연산등 유기산 함량이 많아 피로회복에 매우 유용한 과실이다. 이러한 효능을 갖는 매실을 이용한 발효주를 제조하기 위하여 우수 균주를 선발하고 과즙제조방법 및 첨가량, 당 종류, 질소원 및 농도, 아황산 첨가 등 적정발효조건을 검토하였다. 우수 발효 균주는 알코올 생성량이 9.5% 이상이고 맛과 향이 우수한 SC 10과 SC 34를 선발하였다. 과육을 mixer로 파쇄한 과즙 전체를 첨가하는 방법이 알코을 발효에 좋았으며 적정 과즙첨가 농도는 50%이었다. 탄소원으로 꿀, 포도당, 설탕 중에서 설탕첨가가 알코올 생성량이 가장 많았다. 질소원은 (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$이 가장 알코올 발효력이 우수하였으며 최적농도는 0.2%이었다. 아황산에 의한 살균효과는 인정되었으나 $Na_2$SO$_4$를 제외한 모든 처리에서 발효 효모까지 사멸되어 발효가 전혀 일어나지 않았고 $Na_2$SO$_4$ 처리는 열처리와 같은 알코올 발효력을 보였다. 상자에 담아 저장할 때 대비 저온저장고에서는 111일 동안에 11.7%의 중량감모가 발생하였으나, 신기술투입 저온저장고에서는 5.6%의 중량감모만이 발생하여 약 50%의 중량감모를 줄일 수 있었으며, 배의 색깔이나 경도도 대비구 보다 우수하였다. 4. 배를 비닐로 포장하여 대비 저온저장고에 저장한 경우와 비닐로 포장하지 않고 신기술투입 저온저장고에 저장한 경우를 비교할 때 11월~다음해 1월 까지는 중량감모, 과피색깔 및 경도에 큰 차이가 없었으나, 2월부터는 비닐로 포장하여 대비 저온저장고에 저장한 배의 품질변화가 급격히 증가되어 중량감모, 과피색깔 및 경도가 신기술 투입시 보다 급속하게 나빠졌다.를 저장 25일 경과시까지 유지하였다. 수확 시 높은 품온을 갖고 있는 과일을 산지에서 예냉 처리를 한 후 저온 냉장차를 이용하여 유통한다면 관행 유통 구조보다 고품질의 포도를 유통시킬 수 있는 것으로 사료되며 앞으로는 완숙된 고 당도(12.0~15.0Bx)$^{\circ}$ 포도를 수확 한 즉시 예냉 처리하고 저온 유통한다면 보다 신선한 과일을 소비자에게 전달 할 수 있을 것이다.갈변물질이 생성되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때, BAAG의 처리는 BAAC의 경우보다 가격은 저렴하면서도 항균력은 우수한 천연 항균복합제재로써 농산물 식품원료에 적용하여 선도유지 기간을 연장할 수 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있었다. 과일 등의 포장제로서 이용할 가능성을 확인하였다.로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.226-228
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• 2013

In 2012, a pink mold rot was observed on unishiu orange (Citrus unshiu Mac.) fruits at the Wholesale Market for Agricultural Products, Jinju, Korea. The symptom on unishiu orange was a water-soaked lesion on the surface of fruit, which later on enlarged to form softened brown rot lesions. The diseased fruits were covered with pink-colored mold, consisting of conidia and conidiophores of the pathogen. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$. Conidia were hyaline, smooth, 2-celled, and thick-walled conidia with truncate bases, ellipsoidal to pyriform, characteristically held together zig-zag chains and $12-26{\times}8-12{\mu}m$ in size. Conidiophore was erect, colorless, unbranched, and 4-5 ${\mu}m$ wide. On the basis of mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and molecular analysis with complete ITS rDNA region, the causal fungus was identified as Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link ex Gray. This is the first report of pink mold rot caused by T. roseum on unishiu orange in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.65-68
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• 2012

In July and August 2011, a disease suspected to be Rhizopus soft rot was observed on peach (Prunus persica var. vulgaris) at the Wholesale Market for Agricultural Products, Jinju, Korea. The first symptom of soft rot on peach is a water-soaked appearance of the affected tissue. The infected parts later disintegrated into a mushy mass of disorganized cells followed by rapid softening of the diseased tissue. The lesion on peach was rapidly softened and rotted, then became brown or dark brown. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the causal fungus on PDA was $30^{\circ}C$and growth was still apparent at $37^{\circ}C$Sporangiophores were 6~20 ${\mu}m$ in diameter. Sporangia were globose and 35~200 ${\mu}m$ in size. The color of sporangia was brownish-grey to blackish-grey at maturity. Sporangiospores were sub-globose, brownish- black streaked and 5~10 ${\mu}m$ in size. Columella were globose to sub-globose and 85~120 ${\mu}m$ in size. On the basis of mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and molecular identification, the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus oryzae Went & Prinsen Geerligs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of soft rot caused by R. oryzae on peach in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 2007

A rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred sporadically on grape in orchard in Gyeongsang-nam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services and in Wholesale Market of Agricultural Products in Jinju city. The infected fruits were rapidly water-soaked, softened and eventually rotted, and the symptoms were initiated from wounds or cracks occurred at harvest time. Sporangiophores were $850{\sim}1,800{\mu}m$ in length and $12{\sim}23{\mu}m$ in width. Sporangia were globose or hemispheric and $80{\sim}190{\mu}m$ in size. The color of sporangia was white and cottony at first and gradually to brownish black, bearing abundant spores when it matured. Columella were hemispheric and $70{\sim}95{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were irregular round or oval, brownish-black streaked and $8{\sim}22{\times}6{\sim}10{\mu}m$ in size. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the fungus on PDA was 25$^{\circ}C$. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity to grape (Vitis vinifera), the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenberg ex. Fr,) Lind. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot by R. stolonifer on grape (V. vinifera) in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.233-246
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the recognition of Korean farmers for the safety of environment-friendly organic materials (EFOMs). The main purchase line of environment-friendly organic materials was the sustainable agriculture organizations, and decisive basis for the materials purchase was because they thought that agricultural produce cultivated with EFOMs were safe. Currently farmers obtained the most information about EFOMs through farmer's education operated by agricultural technology center. Sixty nine percent of respondents hoped that they would get the information on the website and through official education opened by of the government or relative institutions. Whereas, only a few respondents hoped that they would get the information from the sellers. Therefore we thought that government and related institutions should operate the education program to give the sellers the scientific and accurate information about EFOMs. In addition, farmers are highly recognized the necessity of safety-related information provided by government and related institutions. Most Farmers thought that safety education for farmers using EFOMs was very important. Also, it was confirmed that farmer respondents thought to need to establish the shelf-life and user guideline and to label about toxic category of EFOMs. The Cronbach' alpha coefficient calculated in order to verify the reliability of survey questions was 0.699. That value indicates that responses of the respondents in this study might be reliable.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the recognition level of food safety from high school students(264 male, 276 female) in Chuncheon area using questionnaires. The results of the survey are summarized as follows : Regarding the general consciousness of the conditions of food safety, the proportion of the students who worry about it is higher, while 40.0% respond they are not concerned with it. The information pertinent to food safety was usually acquired from the mass media. As a fundamental reason responsible for the food safety accidents, they pointed out deficient sense of responsibility of the personnels who produce, distribute, and sell food products. As the most problematic materials threatening food safety, they pointed out heavy metals(24.8%), and subsequent responses were environmental hormones(24.4%), food additives(17.0%). The foods, for which they are most concerned about residual pesticides, were vegetables and fruits. High proportion of the students perceived that agricultural products are not safe from residual pesticides, and most of the students(92.4%) thought that residual pesticides are bad for their health. The examination on the food safety influenced by heavy metals reveals that 87.4% of the students thought the materials do influence food safety. As the food kind that is likely to be most polluted by heavy metals, they pointed out fishery products. The highest concern about processed food stuffs was the food additives. Most of the students thought that the containers of processed foods may be toxical. 25% of the students are more seriously considering food safety when they buy foods. High proportion of the students who responded they confirm safety-related matters at the time of food purchase thought much of food safety, while high proportion of those who didn't confirm those matters lay a great importance on the taste.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.117-119
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• 2009

Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred on strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa) in the plastic boxes in Jinju City Wholesale Market of Agricultural Products at Gyeongnam province in Korea on April 2008. The infected fruits were rapidly softened, water soaked and finally rotted. The symptoms were mainly occurred through wounds at harvest time. The colony color was white, cottony to brownish black after fully matured and numerous sporangiospores were formed on sporangia. The optimum growth temperature of the fungus was $30^{\circ}C$ on potato dextrose agar. Sporangia were globose or hemispheric shape of white color at initial stage and gradually changed with black color of $82{\sim}195{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiophores were $12{\sim}25{\mu}m$ in width. Columella were hemispheric in shape, and $70{\sim}92{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were irregular round or oval in shape, brownish-black in color and $9{\sim}21\;{\times}\;7{\sim}8{\mu}m$ in size. This fungus formed stolones and rhizoid on PDA. On the basis of symptom, mycological characteristics and pathogenicity of the fungus, the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1401-1407
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• 2003

A survey of consumers' awareness and attitudes about genetically modified food and korean labelling regulation entered into force in July, 2001 was conducted from October, 2001 to January 2002. The questionnaires were distributed to 519 consumers who are members of panel survey system of Korea Consumer Protection Board and lived in 7 largest cities of Korea. The consumers were asked about knowledge, concerns of potential hazards, intention of purchasing, and present labelling regulation. More than 85.7% of the respondents had some knowledge on genetically modified (GM) foods. More than 44.9% of consumers relied on the information from the civil activity group but only 9.6% of consumers from the government. The greatest benefit of GM food was thought to be a solution for the food shortage in the future. While, regarding a potential hazard, more than 71.6% of respondents worried about the safety of GM foods. First of all, 52.2% of korean consumer concerned about food toxicity or side effect. 53.2% of consumers responded that they would not purchase GM labelled foods and about 28.0% of respondents suspended judgement on willingness to purchase until they would get more information. Regarding complement field of present GMO labelling regulation, over 45.2% of consumers responded that labelling was needed to be more easily found. Also more than 95.1% of consumers hope to expand a list of mandatory labelling articles.