• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.63-86
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• 2013

This study aimed to explore how middle school students perceive constructed-response items and how they solve those items and the patterns of the processes. For this purpose, data were collected from middle school students through survey, written responses on those items that were developed for this particular purpose, and interviews. The survey data were analyzed by using Excel and the written responses and interview data qualitatively. The findings about the students' perceptions about the constructed-response items suggested that the middle school students perceive the items primarily as involving writing solutions logically(17%) and being capable of explaining while solving them(7%). The most difficulties they encounter when solving the items were understanding(26%), applying(12%), mathematical writing(25%), computing(23%), and reasoning(14%). The findings about the students' mathematical proficiencies showed that they made an error most in reasoning (35%), then in understanding(31%), in applying(9%), and least in computing(3%).

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.661-669
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• 2018

As SW education has become essential since 2018 due to the revised curriculum in 2015, researches on SW education are actively being carried out. In order to understand the level of pre-service teachers' computational thinking level, we analyzed a correlation of CT element scores with each year and each grade based on the calculated Scratch project by years using the analysis tool Dr. Scratch, which was targeted for 325 students in K National University of Education who passed the scratch course from 2016 to 2018. The result indicated that there is a positive correlation between all the CT related factors and both the year and the grade. Conclusionally, it is crucial to have students undergo revising process by using an automated evaluation tool such as Dr. Scratch and cultivate ability to create and utilize required materials. Furthermore, it is necessary to educate students to utilize logical thinking elements such as complex conditions and logic operations.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.995-1003
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• 2021

As the need for artificial intelligence (AI) education, which will become the core of the upcoming intelligent information society rises, the national level is also focusing attention by including artificial intelligence-related content in the curriculum. In this study, the PASPA education program was presented to enhance students' creative problem-solving ability in the process of solving problems in daily life through supervised machine learning. And Micro:bit, a physical computing tool, was used to enhance the learning effect. The teaching and learning process applied to the PASPA education program consists of five steps: Problem Recoginition, Argument, Setting data standard, Programming, Application and evaluation. As a result of applying this educational program to students, it was confirmed that the creative problem-solving ability improved, and it was confirmed that there was a significant difference in knowledge and thinking in specific areas and critical and logical thinking in detailed areas.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop problem-solving inquiries for the science gifted and to analyze the effects of problem-solving inquiries. The problem-solving inquiries were composed of scientific knowledge, scientific inquiry skills and creative thinking. The problem-solving inquiries were applied to the science gifted attending the institute of the gifted education. The test of science-creative problem solving (TSCPS) was used to know effects of improvement of science-creativity and the result of TSCPS showed the improvement of science creativity. The analysis of student-student dialogues during experiments showed that the type of dialogue was different on the type of problem-solving inquiry. The dialogue of convergent thinking was frequently showed up on the problem-solving inquiry needed logical thinking whereas that of divergent thinking on the problem-solving inquiry needed idea generation. The problem-solving inquiries had a positive effects on the improvement of the science-creativity.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.277-295
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• 2008

Insurable value agreed by the parties shall be presumed specified at the time of the accident. It is nevertheless provided that where agreed value considerably exceeds certain amount evaluated at the time of insured accident, the amount shall be insurable value. It casts doubt on what constitutes such an excess in valuation in marine insurance. Because of the relatively short periods and less volatile economies, maritime insurance, with the statutory insurance value, has deemed insurable value conclusive. In other ways, the provision of default rule substitutes the amount evaluated at the time of insured accident for statutory insurance value. However, over-valuation of agreed value determined by the comparison of statutory insurance value leads to non sequitur in valued policy. Maritime insurance, in the case of over-valuation of agreed value, construes certain amount evaluated at the time of insured accident as insurable value. Accordingly, beyond the application of statutory insurance value, the amount should be considered for over-valuation of agreed value.

• School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.297-314
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• 2003

Mathematics students must appropriate their mathematical knowledge which has the definition and theorem of mathematics, algorithm, reasonable thought, heuristic, and mathematics language, and so on. That is, students should construct, use, and apply their own knowledge during learning. Appropriation of mathematical knowledge is practicable when mathematics language is in charge of many functions that Vygotsky cited. To reach the potential development level with mathematics language, students need the zones that they interact themselves and peers, as well as teacher. On that ground, this study presented the interactional zones of IZPD, ZPP, and ZAD, and modeled mathematics learning. By the case of 2 students, we found that ZPP and ZAD were necessary and important.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.19-31
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• 2001

In this paper, 3 layered architecture model and related design guidelines are proposed, which have been actually applied in our national ITS-Architecture design. The domain architecture as the 1st layer is to structure all ITS related domains for maximizing the co-operability in national level. The logical architecture as the 2nd layer is to structure all ITS related application-systems for minimizing duplications, conflicts and dead-zones in service level and maximizing the co-operability in application-system level. The physical architecture as the 3rd layer is to structure all IT(Information Technology) related physical resources for maximizing.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.163-175
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• 2018

The age of the $4^{th}$ Industrial revolution characterized with artificial intelligence leads to increased interest in emotional aspects representing humanity as counterpart competence to the digital literacy, As the educational model to foster emotional intelligence, noticed is 'maker education based on design thinking process,' since it cultivates the spirits of empathy, intuitive thinking, collaboration, communication, sharing, and openness. In this context, this study aimed to examine relationship between the educational model and emotional intelligence. For this purpose, a case study has been conducted with 37 undergraduate students in an University general education class, and the results of data collection and analysis confirmed positive influences of the program in enhancing most components of the emotional intelligence.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 1999

These days, Dental Technic has been contributed to make more delicating Dental Prosthesis Restoration for patient and dentist. Diagnostic wax-up and making Temporary Crown are emphasized as an important part of Dental Technic. Choosing suitable Material and working with various new Equipments like Microscope improve accuracy. Repeated practice by setting up an organized system gives better result. Also, Esthetic Prosthesis requires patient's appearance and personality as well as patient' age, sex, and shade so on. Moreover, the problem which occurs by the patient's oral condition ha to be discussed before taking final impression. At a time like this, Scientific-mind and Logical thought Ability should be considered the important issue for more progressive Dental Technic.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1979

A model is considered in order to evaluate the potential risk from a nuclear facility directly combining the on-site meteorological data. The model is utilized to evaluate the environmental consequences from the routine releases during normal plant operation as well as following postulated accidental releases. The doses to individual and risks to the population-at-large are also analyzed in conjunction with design of rad-waste management and safety systems. It is observed that the conventional analysis, which is done in two separate unaffiliated phases of releases and atmospheric dispersion tends to result in unnecessary over-design of the systems because of high resultant doses calculated by multiplication of two extreme values.