• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.4 s.57
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• pp.275-287
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• 2005

At the planning and design stages of a development of underground space or tunneling project, the information regarding ground conditions is very important to enhance economical efficiency and overall safety In general, the information can be expressed using RMR or Q-system and with the geophysical exploration image. RMR or Q-system can provide direct information of rock mass in a local scale for the design scheme. Oppositely, the image of geophysical exploration can provide an exthaustive but indirect information. These two types of the information have inherent uncertainties from various sources and are given in different scales and with their own physical meanings. Recently, RMR has been estimated in unsampled areas based on given data using geostatistical methods like Kriging and conditional simulation. In this study, simulated annealing(SA) is applied to overcome the shortcomings of Kriging methods or conditional simulations just using a primary variable. Using this technique, RMR and the image of geophysical exploration can be integrated to construct the spatial distribution of RM and to evaluate its uncertainty. The SA method was applied to solve an optimization problem with constraints. We have suggested the practical procedure of the SA technique for the uncertainty evaluation of RMR and also demonstrated this technique through an application, where it was used to identify the spatial distribution of RMR and quantify the uncertainty. For a geotechnical application, the objective functions of SA are defined using statistical models of RMR and the correlations between RMR and the reference image. The applicability and validity of this application are examined and then the result of uncertainty evaluation can be used to optimize the tunnel layout.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.273-279
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• 2019

Development of mountain area is increasing due to the demand for improvement of traffic convenience and development of underdeveloped area. Therefore, there frequently are sections where tunnels and interchanges are located close to each other. These sections do not only affect tunnel planning, types and length of interchanges, but also affect more on route selection. In Korea, several design criteria present each reference value but these values are very similar. In the situation, the minimum value among them is usually applied when planning roads and it could cause traffic safety problems in different site conditions. In this study, the problems of design speed, illuminance adaptation distance, and lane change intervals are analyzed by simulating the cases that the problem could occur when calculating the separation distance between tunnel and interchange. The results obtained from this study can be summarized as following: the driving speed should be applied in case that the site has a big gap between design speed and driving speed because the uniform application of the design speed is not safe; the illuminance adaptation distance should include the influence distance in the section affected by the direct light; in addition, the lane change distance should include the time to perceive the situation of the next lane after the lane change in the section required for successive lane change.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

In this case of "Seongnam~Yeoju double-lanes railroad construction", there were safety facilities which were concerned about damages from vibration and noise. In the project design stage, the rock-splitter method was designed to prevent them. The electronic blasting was considered to improve construction speed and economic value as an alternative tunnelling method, complying with the site's vibration criteria(cowhouse : 0.09cm/sec, residence : 0.2cm/sec). In the environment evaluation report of the eDev, tunnel electronic blasting systems, the blasting pollutions can be managed by the electronic blasting method. The results were successfully conducted with high speed construction without any damages to adjacent facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

As the need of eco-friendly transportation systems for sustainable development increases, public transport accessibility has been considered as an important element of transportation system design. When analyzing the accessibility, shortest path algorithms can be utilized to reflect the actual movement and we can obtain high resolution accessibility for all other stations on the network with shortest distance and time. This study used the algorithm improved by reflecting the penalty of number of transfers and waiting time of overlapped routes to get the accessibility. KTX Seoul Station is a target place and this algorithm is applied to multi-layer subway bus network of Seoul to calculate the accessibility, therefore this study presented the accessibility of KTX Seoul station by stations.

• 산림경영
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• s.139
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• pp.20-23
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• 1999

산림청에서는 백두대간을 체계적으로 보전하고 골프장 설치등으로 산림이 무분별하게 훼손되는 일이 없도록 하기 위하여 '산림피해 확대방지 종합대책'을 수립$\cdot$시행한다고 밝혔다. 산림청은 그동안 많은 논란이 있었던 백두대간의 실체규명과 보전을 위하여 백두대간의 개념 및 보전에 필요한 사항 등을 2000년중으로 정립, 제도화하는 방안을 강구키로 하였다. 또한 건설교통부가 국토이용계획을 변경하고자 산림청과 협의할 때 적용하는 산림청의 '국토이용계획변경 협의기준'을 강화하는 내용으로 금년 하반기에 개정하기로 하였다. 스키장$\cdot$골프장 등 설치로 백두대간이 훼손되지 않도록 백두대간 마루금 침범을 금지하는 내용으로 개정하고 집단묘지개발시 피해유발 우려가 있는 경사 30$\%$이상지역, 마사토지역과 경관지역은 묘지개발을 금지하게 할 계획이다. 또한 무분별한 산림형질변경을 제도적으로 방지하기 위하여 현행 시장$\cdot$군수로 되어 있는 산림형질변경허가권자를 시$\cdot$도지사로 상향하는 내용으로 금년중 산림법 시행령을 개정하기로 하였다고 밝혔다. 특히 각종 개발사업 추진과정에서 장마철 집중호우로 인한 수해가 발생하지 않도록 하기 위하여 1년 이상 공사중단된 골프장은 6월중에 일제조사를 실시하여 장마철 집중호우시 수해위험에 있는 골프장에 대하여는 시$\cdot$도지사에게 요청하여 사업승인을 취소하거나 사업중지토록 할 계획이다. 산림경영 기반시설인 임도에 대하여는 피해방지 및 경관유지를 최우선하는 '환경친화적 녹색임도' 정책으로 전환하기 위하여 기존의 부실 임도에 대하여는 7월부터 대대적인 구조개량 사업에 착수하고, 내년부터는 임도계획 단계부터 노선등의 적정여부를 사전평가하는 제도를 도입하겠다고 밝혔다. 최근 산림훼손으로 문제되고 있는 송전탑진입로는 산림 형질변경허가를 엄격하게 운용하기 위하여 앞으로는 한국전력으로 하여금 진입로 설치 대신 삭도$\cdot$모노레일$\cdot$헬기운반을 대폭 확대하도록 조치하였으며 또한 이미 공사완료한 곳 중 피해방지$\cdot$경관유지가 필요한 경우에는 한국전력으로 하여금 설계를 변경하여 추가공사를 하도록 협의완료하였다고 산림청은 밝혔다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.14-21
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• 2013

While a detailed cost estimation utilizes the comprehensive quantity information obtained from a complete drawing and specification, an approximate cost estimation heavily relies on the subjective decisions. This phenomenon is because the approximate estimation is usually conducted in early stage of the construction phase where the drawing and specification are not available. This study developed a roadway construction cost estimation system which enables users to estimate the approximated cost of the project in early stage. The system identifies the variation of the construction costs due to the road route change using a cased based reasoning(CBR) method. Overall the system is expected to improves the accuracy and effectiveness of the estimation process, because it would provide users with increased accessability and consistent results in early stage of the project which leaded to the increased work transparency.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.187-196
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• 2014

In this paper, Minimize driving energy for operation within a defined distance yeokgan fixed time-resolved and determine the nature of the train is traveling, and to model mathematically. Urban rail car cruise in general by the PID controller is used instead of automatically tracking a target value while traveling in energy consumption to be minimized by using optimal control model railroad charyangreul was designed under real operating conditions the same. The actual track conditions apply to the minimum value or a separate listing of cars around the track facility without a driving energy of the automatic operation and to reduce the driving energy. Therefore, actual route chosen straight line 8 / gradient segment / curve for the measured data analysis, such as sections within the city-minute drive each section and presented how the trains to save energy, depending on the pattern of the train station in the region.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2013

Finite element or difference methods are applied to the analysis of the tunnel stability and they provide detailed behaviour of analyzed tunnel sections but it is rather inefficient to analyze all the section of tunnel by using these methods. In this study, the authors suggest a new stability analysis method for whole tunnel to provide an efficient and easy way to understand the behaviour of whole tunnel by using an analytical solution with the assumption of equivalent circular tunnel. The mechanical behaviour, radial strain and plastic zone radius of whole tunnel were analyzed and appropriate support pressure to maintain the displacement within the allowable limit was suggested after the application of this method to the tunnel. Consequently, it was confirmed that this method can provide quick analysis of the whole tunnel stability and the quantitative information for subsequent measures such as selection of tunnel sections for detailed numerical analysis, set up of the monitoring plan, and so on.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.432-440
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• 2005

Baehuryeong tunnel connects Chuncheon with Hwacheon in Kangwon, Korea, This tunnel is a single tunnel with 5,057 m long and two bidirectional lanes which will be extended into low lanes in the future. The estimated construction period of Baehuryeong tunnel is approximately 55 months. This tunnel will become the longest bidirectional roadway tunnel in Korea. Compared to a twin tunnel, a bidirectional single tunnel has two major disadvantages with regard to the ventilation system and ease of escape during fire. For these reasons, a service tunnel and the transverse ventilation system are planned first time in Korea. In case of fire, the tunnel ventilation design aims to maintain a smoke free layer for passenger evacuation. The geology of Baehuryeong tunnel site is mainly composed of gneiss and granite. Baehuryeong fault is a mainly large scale fault which stands vertical and parallels with tunnel direction. The influenced zone of this fault is within 70 m. Baehuryeong tunnel was designed that it was separated with the distance of more than 100 m from Baehuryeong fault for its safety.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.555-566
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• 2007

In general, RMR classification system is used for the support design of a tunnel. Face mapping during excavation and RMR-based rock classifications are conducted in order to provide information for complementary changes to preliminary survey plans and for continuous geological estimations in direction of tunnel route. Although they are ever so important, there are not enough time for survey in general and sometimes even face mapping is not available. Linear regression analysis for the estimation of mediating RQD and condition of discontinuities, which require longer time and more detailed observation in RMR, was performed and optimum regression equations are suggest as the result. The geological data collected from tunnels were analyzed in accordance with three rock types as sedimentary rock, phyllite and granite to see geological effects, generally not been considered in previous researches. Parameters for the regression analysis were set another RMR factor.