• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.6 s.115
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• pp.160-171
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• 2007

This research studied men's cosmetics purchasing behavior based on the level of interest one has in one's appearance, the country of origin, and the sales promotion of the cosmetics. The study was conducted by experimental $2{\times}[2{\times}2]$ design by combining the 3 variables mentioned above. The Independent variables in this research were levels of appearance interest(high vs. low), the country of origin(Korean vs. foreign), and types of sales promotion(discount vs. coupon). The dependent variables were the purchase behaviors including favor to cosmetics and purchase intent. Two hundred male consumers participated for the study. Data analysis conducted were factor analysis, cluster analysis and ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. Male consumers' cosmetics favorness: 3-way significant interaction, in appearance interest, the country of origin, and types of sales promotion, was found for favor to male cosmetics. When male subjects were provided with price discounts and skin care coupons for the Korean cosmetics, they didn't reveal significant differences in favor, regardless of the level of appearance interest. However, for the imported cosmetics, male subjects with high appearance interest showed more favor to the cosmetics than the ones with low appearance interest. 2. Male consumers' purchase intent: 3-way significant interaction, in appearance interest, the country of origin, and types of sales promotion was found for the purchase intent. When male subjects were provided with price discounts and skin care coupons for the Korean cosmetics, they didn't show significant difference in purchase intent, regardless of their appearance interest. However, for the imported cosmetics, male consumers with high appearance interest reported more purchase intent than the ones with low appearance interest.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.435-456
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• 2013

This study examined the factors influencing aging anxiety among college students. 336 college students from universities in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do were participated in the survey. Regression analyses confirmed that variables influencing 4 dimensions of aging anxiety are different. Quality of contact and attitude toward elderly predicted 'Fear of Old People' dimension. As for 'Psychological Concerns', death anxiety, attitude toward elderly and Quality of contact were influencing factors. Death anxiety, Quality of contact and sex was significant factors predicting. 'Physical/Appearance anxiety'. As for Fear of Losses, Death anxiety and attitude toward elderly affect. On the whole college students' aging anxiety tended to increase as having lower death anxiety, positive quality of contact, positive attitude towards elderly. And female has higher Physical/ Appearance anxiety than male. whereas results have not found a correlation between either knowledge of aging and frequency of contact with aging anxiety. Discussion focuses on the importance of the findings, limitations and future directions.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1237-1246
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• 2009

This study was designed to identify and compare the consumption value and interest in appearance with regard to the comparison of men's cosmetics purchase decision factors. We conducted a survey among 259 men who have experienced the re-purchase of men's cosmetics. All data was analyzed with the SPSS Windows 17.0 program in terms of frequency, percentage, means, standard deviations, paired-t test, Cronbach $\alpha$, factor analyses, and multiple regression. In summary, three findings emerged from this study. First, men's cosmetics purchase decision factors included two subfactors: product quality factors (price, quality, skin compatibility, fragrance) and image factors (trend, brand image, consciousness of others, diversion). Second, a paired-t test revealed that the consideration toward the image factors of a first time purchase decision was lower than the re-purchase decision factors. However the consideration toward the product quality factors of a first time purchase decision was not different from the re-purchase decision factors. Third, the product quality factors were positively influenced by distinction factors of appearance and functional value. And social value, emotional value, and curiosity value were found to be effective in the image factors at the first time of purchase and re-purchase. Also, the product quality factors of re-purchase decisions were influenced by the satisfaction of the first time purchase. This study will contribute to provide some information for marketers in understanding men's cosmetics purchase decisions and to offer basic data for marketing strategies and product development.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-139
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• 2019

This study aims to explore the diverse characteristics of obese groups of Korean males in their 20's to 40's. A total of 201 males who each had a BMI (Body Mass Index) of 23 or over were recruited through a convenient sampling. Samples were categorized into groups of overweight, slightly obese, and severely obese, and submitted for data analysis. Results are summarized as follows. First, in terms of demographic characteristics, slightly and severely obese males were older than overweight males. There were also group differences in marital status and household income. Second, slightly and severely obese groups demonstrated a higher perception of obesity and a lower perception of health than did the overweight group. Third, there were no group differences in body satisfaction, socio-cultural attitudes toward appearance, and self-esteem. Based on these results, we concluded that overweight, slightly obese, and severely obese groups were distinguishable from each other in terms of their demographic characteristics, whereas the slightly obese group and the severely obese group were not different in terms of perception of obesity, perception of health, weight control behaviors, body satisfaction, body image, socio-cultural attitudes toward appearance, and self-esteem. These findings may reflect that people may not become increasingly sensitive to socio-psychological stimulations as they gain more weight if they have exceeded a certain level of obesity. This observation provides meaningful implications for the differences among obesity groups given the lack of prior research focusing on this issue.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of beauty commercial advertising by gender based on information on beauty trends among men and women in their 20s and to confirm the effectiveness of beauty advertising as a marketing tool. To this end, a survey was conducted on men and women in their 20s who are most interested in appearance and use SNS. Women chose YouTube as the most accessible, reliable, and informative ads, while men chose Instagram, TV, and YouTube respectively, and found that YouTube ads were the most influential for women in their 20s and Instagram ads for men in their 20s. These results can be used to build new strategies in the service and marketing sectors of the future beauty market.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.502-510
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• 2021

This study examines gender inequality in the Utopian literature through Bellamy's novelLooking Backward: 2000-1887. Boston, USA, in 2000 is an equal society in which production and distribution are performed efficiently, and everyone can work with an equal opportunity without discrimination. But a closer look at the social structure shows that housework and parenting are predominantly women's duties, and the jobs that women and men can have are differentiating. Therefore, it is hard to say that true gender equality has been achieved. In addition, we could see that there were still remnants of gender inequality, such as showing the notion of beauty judged by male standards. However, Bellamy's Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is meaningful in that it improved women's status and suggested the direction and hope of social development in the 19th century. This study further examined whether these gender inequality factors have disappeared in modern society and confirmed that there remain many gender inequality factors. Therefore, we should all work together to improve the perception of members of society and make changes in social policies so that there is no discrimination between women and men so that we can truly become a gender-equal society.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of appearance management behavior, appearance management motives and body image perception according to males' gender role identities. A set of questionnaire was administered to 398 male consumers. Data were analyzed by utilizing frequency, factor analysis, ANONA, and Crosstabs. The results showed that four groups of male consumers according to the gender role identity were androgyny, unclassified, femininity, and masculinity. The androgyny oriented group showed more active and various appearance management behavior. And they were more conscious of their own body image and rated themselves high in body image perception. The masculinity oriented group were satisfied with their bodies and showed positive attitudes on their body figures and hair care. The femininity oriented group showed positive attitudes on skin care and plastic surgery for social life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 1990

Changes in male roles and lifestyle in recent years have brought about an increased interest in appearance and apparel for men. The purpose of this study was to classify consumers into categories based on style of men's business suits and describe the resulting categories in terms of lifestyle, clothing behavior, appearance and demographic variables. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 513 consumers 20-69 years of age living in Seoul, and analyzed by factor analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, one-way ANOVA, CROSSTAB, and S-N-K test. Resulting categories of consumers were labeled as formal, semi-formal and casual. Descrip-tive profiles of the three categories were developed differently by 2 lifestyle factors (positive opinion leadership, social participation), 1 clothing factor (conformity), 2 appearance factors (conservative, energetic), and 2 demographic variables (age, marital status). The semi-formal type of man is significantly different from the two other types in his group activities that require social participation and opinion leadership. The formal type is significantly different from the two other types in his conformity in clothing and conservative appearance. The majority of formal and semi-formal types of men were 25-39 years of age and married, while the casual type was younger and unmarried.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the appearance management behavior and its motives according to male consumers' age. A set of questionnaire was administered to 398 male consumers. Data were analyzed by utilizing frequency, factor analysis, ANONA, and Crosstabs. The results showed that factors of the appearance management behavior were classified into such as fashion oriented, figure management, figure improvement, skin care, cosmetic surgery, hair care, and health oriented. The male consumers age in the 20s, were more conscious of the appearance management. The male consumers aged over 40s were more aware of figure management and hair care for better health oriented. Appearance management behavior motives were classified into individuality, sociality, and interest arousal. Most of the male consumers showed higher interests in sociality among appearance management motives for better personal relations at workplace and increasing competitive edge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.565-579
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate the effect of male clothing type and facial attractiveness on the subjects' inferences of occupational and appearance characteristics for the wearers. The subjects 'inferences of occupational and appearance characteristics for the wearers were measured by means of semantic-differential scales and open-ended questionnaires. The stimuli were composed of 18 color photographs which were made of 3 levels of facial attractiveness in combination with 6 types of clothing. The subjects were 216 male and 216 female university students. The results were as follows: First, the responses to the semantic-differential scales were factor analyzed to identify the underlying constructs of occupational characteristics. As the result, 4 factors were emerged. The first factor was interpreted to Appearance·Ability, the second, Individuality, the third, Dominance, and the fourth, Naivety. Second, the type of clothing influenced on all the 4 factors, and was more influencial than the facial attractiveness which influenced on the 3 factors except the Naivety factor. Third, There were differences perceptions for the wearers beteen subjects 'sex type; The male subjects perceived for the wearers with categorization more exactly than the female's. Fourth, there were accordances between free-association and inference in semantic-differential scales for the wearers.