• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-82
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• 2019

Inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation, in the process, will inevitably lead to various legal disputes, one of which is the issue of compensation for personal injury. The purpose of this study is to present the standards of settlement of disputes between the residents of North and South Korea by examining the North Korean compensation law on the calculation of damages due to personal injury and comparing it with the South Korean compensation law. Understanding the North Korean compensation law is a critical and urgent task, as exchanges and cooperation between the two Koreas are expected to increase in the future. For the South Korean compensation law does not have specific provisions on the estimation of damages, the specific methods and standards for estimating damages are determined by court precedents. The South Korean courts categorize the damages caused by personal injury into active property damages, passive property damages and emotional distress damages and calculate the amount of each damages. On the other hand, the North Korean Compensation for Damage Act stipulates the categories of damage by dividing the cases of personal injury into 1) infringement of health(§41), 2) disability due to infringement of health(§42), and 3) death resulting from human infringement(§44). In addition, the North Korea Compensation for Damage Act specifies the calculation of compensation for damages(§43, §51). Furthermore, South Korea widely acknowledges emotional distress damages for personal injury, whereas North Korea does not recognize emotional distress damages in principle.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.32-39
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• 2005

최근 들어 북한 서해안 일대의 원유매장 가능성에 대한 보도가 국내외 언론에 자주 오르내리고 있다. 실제 북한의 서한만 분지는 일일 생산량 450 배럴의 원유가 생산되고 있어 석유부존 가능성이 확인되었고, 중국에서 큰 유전중 하나인 발해만 유전지대와 지리적으로 근접해 있어 대규모 매장 가능성도 있다. 지금까지 밝혀진 북한 서한만의 지질은 중국의 발해만과 유사하다. 후기 원생대와 초기 고생대에 생성된 기반암 위에는 최대 6 ${\sim}$ 10 km 두께의 탄산염암 및 중생대 퇴적암과 4 ${\sim}$ 5 km 두께의 퇴적암이 집적되어 있다. 근원암은 3 km 이상 되는 쥐라기 흑색 셰일과 1 ${\sim}$ 2 km 두께의 백악기 흑색 셰일 그리고 수 km 두께의 중생대 이전의 탄산염암으로 구성되어 있다. 저류층은 높은 공극률을 가진 중생대부터 신생대에 퇴적된 사암과 중생대전에 균열된 탄산염암이다. 원유 트랩은 배사구조, 단층구조, 파묻혀 있는 언덕 그리고 층서형 트랩 형태다. 따라서 서한만에서의 퇴적층들은 다양한 형태의 근원암을 가지며 또한 공극률과 투수율이 높고, 많은 단층에 의한 이동경로를 가지게 되므로, 사암으로 이루어진 석유 저장지만 발견하면 석유를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.62.2-62.2
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• 2021

남,북한에 존재하는 다양한 종류의 신재생에너지 분야 중 풍력자원은 지역마다 많은 편차를 가지고 있으나, 2007년에 북한지역의 풍력자원을 분석한 결과 풍부한 자원을 가지고 있는 지역이 많은 것으로 분석되었다. 북한은 과거에도 그렇고 현재에도 전력난으로 많은 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이를 극복하기 위하여 북한의 국가과학원, 김일성종합대학, 김책공대 등에서 신재생에너지를 활용한 전력난 해소를 위하여 다양한 기술개발을 하고 있다. 따라서, 성공한 신재생에너지 기술을 활용한 태양광 풍력 등을 설치하여 주택이나 공업지역 등에 전력을 공급하고 있다. 그러나 북한의 자본과 기술개발의 한계로 인하여 부품조달 등 공급의 한계성을 가지고 있는 실정에 있다. 최근 남북 학술교류를 통하여 북한의 신재생에너지 개발 현황 및 한계성을 파악할 수 있었으며, 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 남한이 가지고 있는 기술력과 북한의 인력을 활용하여 공동개발 및 보급을 촉진할 수 있으리라 사례되며 몇 가지 제안을 하고자 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.671-689
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• 2008

The economic recession of North Korea has been prolonged, the need for humanitarian assistance for the women and children of DPRK has been raised. In March 2006, South Korean government signed MOU with World Health Organization (WHO) to financially support "Improving Women's and Children's Health in DPRK (IWCH)" project. The assistance projects through UNICEF and the non-government organizations of South Korea were also followed. IWCH project consists of three parts; nutrition, disease management, children and maternity care. The first term (2006-2007) of the project leading by WHO was finished, and the second term (2008-2010) is just begun. The projects driven by NGOs have relatively been delayed due to difficulties in negotiating on project contents and places with North Korea. Recently, however, re-modeling processes of an obstetric/gynecology hospital and a children hospital in Nampo were started. Up to recently, South Korean government has played only a limited role in the humanitarian assistance for North Korea. IWCH project is, however, a full-scale initiative driven by government based on a systematic review of need and priorities. A significant amount of budget and relatively long term (five year) project compare to the previous short term and small size programs were expected to make more meaningful achievement. Despite these positive aspects, the project remains a list of unsolved problems a lack of mutual trust, a different decision making process between South and North Korea, a lack of conflict management process, and unpredictability and complexity of international politics. In spite of such kind of political uncertainty, the health care sector will be a leading area in the process of improving relationship between South and North Korea, particularly, humanitarian assistance for women and children will play a crucial role in the process. The successful implementation of IWCH project, therefore, will contribute to provide the reference model in developing the mutually constructive relationship between South and North

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.355-368
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• 2021

This study aims to identify appropriate tree species and crops for agroforestry target sites in North Korea based on ecological geography and site properties. To this end, an ecological geographic map (13 regions and 4 zones) of North Korea was made using satellite images and North Korean academic journal articles. The target agroforestry sites were selected and mapped according to 18 site conditions depending on 3 site characteristics, and the sites were divided into short-term and long-term target sites depending on the agroforestry management period. Finally, optimal combinations of 30 tree species and 19 crops were selected by overlapping the ecological geographic map and agroforestry target site map. For regions within the same zone, tree species and crops were almost similar; however, compared to regions in other zones, they differed. This is likely because the geographical climatic characteristics reflected in the ecological geographic map vary greatly from zone to zone. These results will be used to propose a combination of suitable tree species and crops that takes into account both management purposes and management types for inter-Korean forest cooperation in the agroforestry sector.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 2019

The Panmunjom Declaration adopted by the leaders of South and North Korea on April 27, 2018, has created an environment conducive for peace and cooperation in the Korean Peninsula. In the June of last year, South Korea has joined the Organization for Cooperation between Railways (OSJD). The membership of OSJD has established a solid foundation for restoring a multimodal logistics system that connects the Korean peninsula to Eurasia countries, including China and Russia. In this paper, a questionnaire survey targeting working-level experts was conducted to find the barriers in constructing multimodal logistics that efficiently connect the port-continental railways of the Korean peninsula and the Eurasian nations. Survey items were divided into five categories-border crossing procedures, technology, facilities, operation, and government support. As a result, among the most important problems of international multimodal logistics in Eurasia that need to be solved on priority include improving transshipment facilities, eliminating inspection carried out at every country for transit, simplifying documents for customs clearance, and minimizing the changes in freight rates. In conclusion, for vitalizing the connection between the Korean peninsula and the continental railways, it is necessary to develop a transshipment system to facilitate the changes in tracks at the borders by making a joint effort with the international community. Second, railway and operational systems in South Korea, North Korea, China, and Russia should be standardized. Third, international cooperation among South Korea, North Korea, China, and Russia is essential for simplifying customs clearance at borders, priority departure of domestic cargo, sharing information about the changes in freight rates, and so on. Finally, the government should come up with measures to secure the quantity of cargo required to form block trains, while developing new business models.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.6-6
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• 2018

백두대간은 백두산에서 시작된 큰 산줄기로 금강산, 설악산, 덕유산 등을 거쳐 지리산까지 이어지는 우리나라 중심 산줄기이다. 백두대간은 우리 민족 고유의 사회 문화적 가치는 물론 자연 생태적 측면에서 매우 중요한 지역이다. 백두산에서 지리산까지 약 1,400km, 남한 지역은 약 700km가 남북으로 길게 연결되어 우리나라 주요 산들을 연결하는 한반도 중심축을 형성하고 있다. 백두대간은 생물다양성의 보고이자 주요강의 발원지로 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 이러한 주요 지역에 위치함 국립백두대간수목원은 수목원 정원의 조성 및 진흥에 관한 법률에 근거하여 기후대 및 식생권역별 국가수목원의 확충 계획에 따라 온대 북부 권역에 조성되었다. 백두대간 산림생물 다양성 유지와 산림생물자원의 보전 및 활용을 위한 다양한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 국립백두대간수목원의 시드볼트는 생물다양성 보존과 산림생물유전자원의 지속가능한 활용을 위하여 종자보존 협력 네트워크를 구축 하고 있다. 또한 아시아를 포함한 전세계 야생 종자를 수집하기 위한 기후대 생태권역별 종합계획 수립과 표준화 모델 개발을 통해 체계적인 협력체를 구축 중이다. 종자의 안정적인 장기 보존을 위한 형태학적, 분자생물학적 연구를 통해 종자의 저장특성 연구 및 수명연구를 통해 예측 모델을 연구하며 이를 기반으로 생태계 복원을 위한 종자 활용 연구를 수행하고 있다. 국립백두대간수목원은 백두대간 생물종의 조사, 생태계 보전 복원연구를 위한 현지 조사, 서식지외 보전 기관 역할, 유용자원 발굴 및 연구 등 백두대간 생물다양성 보전을 위한 다양한 역할을 하고 있다.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

The ASF, which originated in Africa and threatens the world, landed in Asia in 2018 in China, and became a stern threat to the security of the Korean Peninsula when North Korea officially reported the ASF to the OIE in May 2019. In 1921, Montgomery, a British veterinary pathologist, made headlines by naming the African swine fever "African Swine Fever," or ASF, a disease caused by a high fatality virus that existed in East Africa. The ASF, which was a pandemic of endemic diseases in Africa, landed in Portgal around 1957 and swept through farms in Lisbon, Portugal. The ASF continued to settle in Spain and Portugal, causing 40 years of damage until the end of the 1990s, and is now in progress after landing on the Italian island of Sardinia in 1978. The virus, which landed in Portiport of Georgia on the Black Sea coast of the Black Sea in 2007, spread to Russia and caused massive damage to China in 2018, then rapidly spread to Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar in May 2019 and spread across the country, causing massive damage to the pork industry and is now in progress. Just three months after confirming the outbreak in North Korea, the outbreak at farms in Paju and Yeoncheon was confirmed on Sept. 16, 2019, leaving South Korea with the stigma of ASF-causing countries, and although the ASF's nationwide expansion has been blocked, it is currently underway in wild boars. If the ongoing ASF in the two Koreas becomes indigenous, it would be a major disaster not only for the pork industry but also for the Korean Peninsula economy. Under the current circumstances, it is impossible to focus only on veterinary areas limited to South Korea, ruling out risk factors from the ASF outbreak. Currently, it is difficult to prevent damage to the pork industry due to the ASF outbreak due to the poor water defense reality in North Korea, and as it is adjacent to China, which has a high risk of developing various epidemic diseases, there is a need for the two Koreas to jointly conduct quarantine and quarantine on the border areas. First of all, I think rapid exchange of information and education on ASF and other diseases is necessary before establishing a joint defense system on the Korean Peninsula. It is important to conduct thorough quarantine and disinfection of ASF-generated areas in North Korea, and areas bordering China and Russia, and jointly conduct thorough quarantine and control of livestock and livestock products in circulation. Cooperation by the South and North Korean water defense industries to prevent the protracted ASF on the Korean Peninsula by all means and methods is essential.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.692-700
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• 2016

The study proposed a strategy for supporting North Korea's SOC construction in the future by reviewing domestic and foreign cases. According to the literatureanalysis, we developed a candidate list of technology for SOC of North Korea in terms of Construction Management / economy sectors. The category is North Korea SOC construction support, and the sub-category is North Korea SOC construction support program. The implementation procedures included the following six steps: Preparation, Support for Establishing Construction Industry Base, Support for Establishing Business Management Base, Support for HR Management Base, Business Model Establishment/Expansion, and Monitoring of Management Result. Lastly, we developed twenty-five candidates of detailed technology. In the future, it is necessary to decide a methodology for project implementation by each scenario after selecting a study area, and to develop a more specified scenario.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.6
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• pp.80-104
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• 2024

Ginseng, a representative medicinal plant of South Korea, is also highly valued in North Korea. However, due to limited access to information about North Korea, the actual cultivation, research and development trends, and related industry status of ginseng in North Korea are not well known. In this study, we aimed to understand the current status and research trends of the ginseng industry in North Korea based on limited available literature. In the North Korean pharmacopoeia, ginseng is referred to as "Koryo ginseng" and is defined as the roots of 6-year-old ginseng cultivated in the Kaesong region. The pharmacopoeia includes 22 types of ginseng preparations. In addition, 10 ginseng preparations are included in North Korea's Essential Drug List, and various health supplements, cosmetics, and toothpastes containing ginseng have been developed, distributed, and sold. Since 2014, the ginseng industry and research in North Korea have become more active overall. During this period, the ginseng cultivation area in Kaesong has been significantly expanded, and the facilities have been renovated. The Kaesong Koryo Ginseng Processing Plant has been equipped with sterilized, modernized facilities since 2016 and has been in operation. Since 2017, there has been a growing interest in quality control research, leading to the introduction of quality management regulations and certification systems in 2019. In the 1990s, there was significant research on ginseng product development, and since the 2000s, studies on the pharmacological effects and clinical research of ginseng have been reported. Additionally, research on ginseng cultivation and ginseng processing industries to increase yield has been emphasized. Ginseng, as a representative medicinal crop of Korea, holds great importance for both South and North Korea. Given its significance and the potential for synergy through mutual cooperation, ginseng serves as an ideal subject for inter-Korean exchange and collaboration.