• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2002

In order to understand the condition of mostly-degraded evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLF) and to make a restoration plan of EBLF in the Korean warm temperate, the distribution of EBLF and forest vegetation types have been investigated and the categories of degraded levels have been set. The coverage of the EBLF in the Korean peninsula was approximately 10,285ha based on the existing literature review and the actual vegetation map. Forest vegetation types have been investigated at thirty-two area of the south coast and inland in the warm temperate region. As a result, The forest vegetation was classified as 52 types; 26 types of EBLF, 13 types of semi-evergreen broad-leaved forests, 9 types of deciduous broad-leaved forests, 4 types of evergreen coniferous forests. The categories of degraded levels were divided into 8 levels and 14 sub-levels according to the importance percentage(I.P.) and the number of warm temperate species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 2020

In Korea, specific thermal elements such as annual mean temperature (AMT) 13℃, 14℃, and Kira's coldness index (CI) -10℃, have been suggested about the northernmost distribution of the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest zone. We reviewed the relationship between three thermal elements and the actual distribution of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants or its communities. Thiessen and Kriging method using point-data calibrated by seasonal lapse rate according to altitude were utilized for the spatial distribution pattern analysis. Several phytoclimatic maps were also produced in order to compare different thermal values. We identified that the AMT 13℃ was the best thermal element to demarcate the northern limit of the warm-temperate forest zone. Its area was estimated ca. 20,334 ㎢ and larger than those of other thermal elements. We concluded that an indirectly fabricated index i.e. CI -10℃ is useless and it was enough for a direct value of AMT 13℃ to represent the northern-limit distribution of warm-temperate forest zone, at least in Korea. Further researches on the reciprocity between floristic regions and phytoclimate zones are raised.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.104
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• pp.10-13
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• 2008

지구의 온난화 특히, 도심지의 동절기 기온상승 등으로 난.온대 수종들의 식재 북방한계가 올라가고 있으므로 이제는 중부권지역에서도 남부수종의 활용이 가능하다고 본다. 따라서 본인은 오래전부터 서울경기지역 조경관련 지인들에게 몇몇 남부수종의 식재를 권유해 오고 있으며 중부권에 남부수종을 식재하기 위해서는 기술적인 연구와 검토가 사전에 필요하고 세심하고 철두철미한 준비가 뒷받침 되어야 하므로 지금까지의 경험상을 토대로 남부수종에 관한 소개와 몇 가지 참고사항을 전하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2013

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for Paryeongsan Zone in the Dadohaehaesang National Park incorporated in National Park in 2011. To do so, seventy-five plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Quercus acutissima community, (II) Q. serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, (IV) Q. variabilis community, (V) P. rigida-Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, (VI) Chamaecyparis obtusa community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were. I, IICommunity, were expected that the deciduous oak trees with deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. III, VCommunity, were expected that the P. densiflora and P. rigida competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. IVCommunity, have expanded the influence of Q. variabilis, but understory will be developed next ecological succession by a high percentage of Machilus thunbergii in frequency of warm-temperate trees. VI Community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community were expected continue. This Chamaecyparis obtusa community is picked thinning Chamaecyparis obtusa as moving purpose of National Park, it will be inducement a plant vegetation succession to the natural forest. Frequency of warm-temperate trees in the Paryeongsan Zone of warm temperate climate zone was a total 9 species, Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Elaeagnus macrophylla, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-96
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• 2018

We investigated and analyzed three Korean island sites (Bijin-do, Ae-do, and Bogil-do) and one Japanese site (Tachibanayama) of sword-leaf litsea (Actinodaphne lancifolia) forests, known as the climax forest, to discuss the vegetation succession sere of warm-temperature evergreen broad-leaved forests. We then reviewed the literature in Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan to consider the distribution characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests, vegetation succession sere, and climax tree species. Although Mt. Tachibana and Ae-do showed the most advanced vegetation structure, the soil and ordination (CCA) analysis indicated that it was not enough to consider that the sword-leaf litsea forest was at the climax stage in the warm-temperature region. The Actinodaphne lancifolia forest is sparsely distributed in Korea and Japan while the common types of vegetation in the warm temperate zone region in East Asia are Machilus spp., Castanopsis spp., and Cyclobalanopsis spp. The vegetation succession sere of the Korean warm-temperature region is thought to have a secondary succession such as Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Q. serrata (early stage) through Machilus thunbergii, innamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Actinodaphne lancifolia (middle stage) to Castanopsis sieboldii, Q. acuta, Q. salicina (climax stage). However, Machilus thunbergii will be the climax species as an edaphic climax in places where there is a strong influence of the sea wind, or it is difficult to supply the seeds of Castanopsis spp. and Cyclobalanopsis spp.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.54-60
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• 2013

This study carried out a phytosociological research by Z.-M. school's method describing vegetation structure and management solution about nutmeg tree's(Torreya nucifera ) forests. The nutmeg tree's forests have developed intervale and hills in warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests zone. The nutmeg tree's forests composed 50 familly, 80 genus, 88 species divided two syntaxa(typical sub-community, Arachniodes aristata sub-community) by species composition and correspond to habitat condition. The nutmeg tree's forests show a uniform forest's structure which composed 3~4 layer of sub-tree and shrub. And it was worthy of special mention which characterized diagnostic species of Camellietea japonicae in the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests. In case of forests floor, were a high rate in order of Ophiopogon japonicus, Polystichum tripteron, Arisaema ringens. And Oplismenus undulatifolius which represent mantle communities as well. This indicates that the nutmeg tree's forests are exposed by humman effects sustainedly. The nutmeg tree's young trees appeared a high rate at half shade and shade. The vigorous tree species have to spacing cutting instead of the heavy thinning that consist in with a shout of declining astructur and function of the forest ecosystem for maintaining a nutmeg tree's forests. And we suggest for the density regulation of the sub-tree and shrub. In conclusion, need to the continuous monitoring about the vegetation structure and management solution for the sustainable nutmeg tree's forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2022

This study analyzed changes in the vegetation structure of 16 permanent plots (experimental and control) installed in Wando Arboretum in 1996 to monitor the long-term change process of evergreen broad-leaved forests in warm temperate. Especially, this study discusses the effects of trial treatment (selection cutting and plant introduction), introduced as a restoration technique in 1996, on vegetation development. In communities dominated by Quercus acuta in the canopy (permanent plots 1 through 3), this species's mean important percentage (MIP) decreased, and the evergreen broad-leaved species was introduced from outside increased, likely to change the vegetation structure in the future. The expansion of the evergreen broad-leaved species group was also confirmed in Q. acuta-deciduous broad-leaved forests (permanent plots 5 and 7) and Pinus densifloraforests (permanent plots 9 and 10). In the experimental plots where thinning was carried out, the zoochory (the dispersal of seeds by birds), Cinnamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, etc., and the expansion of the influence of evergreen broad-leaved species were remarkable, so it is considered to have effectively promoted the vegetation development in warm temperate forests. Although evergreen broad-leaved species were planted in the experimental plot to change vegetation structure, it seems the effect on the change was weak due to the small amount of planting. Compared to other vegetation types, the change in the vegetative structure of the pine forest to an evergreen broad-leaved forest was clear due to the decline of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.459-476
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• 1993

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for the evergreen and nearby deciduous broad-leaved forests in inland areas (Turyunsan, Pulgapsan) and south- western island areas (Hongdo, Chindo). The evergreen broad-leaved forests of the four areas showed a sera1 stage with an age structure mostly under fifty years old. Dominant evergreen broad-leaved species in canopy layer were Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus acuta, Q. stenophylla, Q. glauca, and Ncolitsea serzceu. Succession of the forest vegetation in the surveyed areas was proceeding from deciduous broad-leaved trees to evergreen broad-leaved trees. The species of climax stage were assumed to be Machilus thunbergii, iVeolitseu sericea and Dendropanax morbifera in canopy layer, Aucuba japonica and Machilus japonica in subtree and shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.235-248
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze and investigate changes in the structural characteristics of the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Mt. Cheomchalsan on Jindo Island. The Mt. Cheomchalsan has high conservation value because the representative warm temperate species such as Quercus acuta and Castanopsis sieboldii are distributed there. The community classification with TWINSPAN and DCA identified 4 communities: C. sieboldii community (I), C. sieboldii-Q. Salicina community (II), Q. acuta-C.sieboldii community (III), and deciduous broad-leaved trees-evergreen broad-leaved trees community (IV). According to the results of the mean importance percentage (MIP) analysis, C. sieboldii, Q. salicina, and Q. acuta were dominant species in the canopy layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, and Cinnamomum yabunikkei were dominant in the understory layer, and Trachelospermum asiaticum, C. japonica, and C. sieboldii were dominant in the shrub layer. The comparison of the results of the diameter of breast height (DBH) analysis with the past data showed that the ratio of large-sized trees in the C. sieboldii and Q. acuta, which dominated the canopy layer, increased. However, there was no difference in the distribution of C. japonica and L. japonicum in the understory layer. In the future, it is necessary to generate a precision inhabiting vegetation map around the Natural Reserve to understand the actual habitation of evergreen broad-leaved trees and rezone the protective districts of evergreen broad-leaved trees forest with the watershed concept to preserve the evergreen broad-leaved forests of Mt. Cheomchalsan in Jindo.