• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2006

Amyloodinium sp. was found on the gills of mullet (Mugil cephalus) cultured on land. No external symptoms in the diseased fish were found except decoloration of the gills. In fresh preparations of the gills the parasites were opaque round or oval shape with a bright nucleus and 43.5 ㎛ (18.2～72.7, n=20) in size. In preparations added a drop of Lugol solution, they were black with the same shapes in fresh preparations and 43.5 ㎛ (n=20) in size. The parasites were stained black and blue in a droplet of Lugol solution and Diff-Quick III solution, respectively and their sizes were a little larger than in wet preparations. After stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa, the parasites appeared granular eosinophlic in the peripheral cytoplasm and granular strong basophilic in the center. In silver impregnated specimens the peripheral granules were negative and the central ones positive. The granules appeared brown in purplish cytoplasm after staining with Lugol solution. The parasites developed by binary division when they were cultivated in filtered seawater at 20℃. Histopathologically severe epithelial hyperplasia and fusion in the gill filaments resulted in clubbing, especially the proximal region of the filament. Epithelial hyperplasia was also found in the basal regions of the gill filaments and some epithelial cells were occasionally detached from the filaments. Some pear-shaped trophonts of the parasites with rhizoid attached on the gill filaments showing hyperplasia of the epithelial cells and mucous cells.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-209
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• 1996

북한(北韓)의 경제개발전략(經濟開發戰略)의 제특징(諸特徵)은 저렴한 농산물가격(農産物價格)에 의한 농업부분(農業部分)에서의 잉여(剩餘), 저임금(低賃金)에 의한 도시노동자(都市勞動者)들로부터의 잉여(剩餘)를 가지고 경제발전(經濟發展)을 이룩하는 것이라 요약할 수 있다. 농민(農民), 도시노동자(都市勞動者) 양측(兩測)을 희생시키면서 유지되어 온 이러한 성장구조(成長構造)는 원래 같으면 저농산물가격(低農産物價格)${\rightarrow}$저임금(低賃金)${\rightarrow}$축적자금확대(蓄積資金擴大)${\rightarrow}$재투자(再投資)${\rightarrow}$생산량증가(生産量增加)${\rightarrow}$소비수준 (消費水準) 증가(增加)로 점진적으로 발전해야만 하는 것이다. 하지만 이러한 성장전략(成長戰略)은 처음부터 철저히 부정되어 왔다. 먼저 농촌부분(農村部分)부터 보면 농촌협동조합(農村協同組合)에서의 소유제도(所有制度), 분배제도(分配制度)의 문제(問題)로 인해 농민(農民)의 근로의욕(勤勞意欲)이 크게 상실되었고 그 결과(結果) 농업생산(農業生産)은 저하되었다. 한편 도시부분(都市部分)에서는 인민(人民)들의 저소비(低消費)의 결과(結果)로 축적된 자금(資金)이 군사부분(軍事部分)에 집중적으로 투자됨으로 인해 그 투자효과(投資效果)가 제 구실을 못하게 되었다. 뿐만 아니라 자급자족지향형(自給自足指向型)의 중공업화(重工業化)는 중공업(重工業)과 관련산업(關聯産業) 상호간(相互間)의 수요(需要)만을 충족시켜 왔다. 그 외에 기업(企業)이 국가(國家)의 지령(指令)에 의해서만 움직이는 국영기업관리체제(國營企業管理體制)의 비효율성(非效率性)도 지금의 북한경제(北韓經濟)를 침체(沈滯)의 늪에서 헤어나지 못하게 하는 주요(主要)한 요인(要因)으로 작용했다. 농업생산(農業生産)의 정체(停滯), 중공업(重工業)을 위한 중공업정책(重工業政策)이라고 하는 왜곡된 투자구조(投資構造), 기업관리체제(企業管理體制)의 비효율성(非效率性)은 북한(北韓)의 계획경제순환구조(計劃經濟循環構造)를 기본(基本)부터 뒤흔들기 시작하면서, 급기야 1980년대 후반부터는 순환구조(循環構造) 그 자체(自體)를 마비시키는 사태(事態)로까지 발전했다. 순환구조(循環構造)의 마비(痲痺)라고 하는 심각한 경제난(經濟難)을 타개하기 위해 북한(北韓)은 나진(羅津) 선봉(先鋒) 자유경제무역지대(自由經濟貿易地帶)를 설치(設置)하고 새로운 자금축적원(資金蓄積源)으로서 외국인직접투자(外國人直接投資)를 유치하는 개방정책(開放政策)을 추진하여 왔다. 하지만 북한(北韓)의 경제(經濟) 순환구조(循環構造)의 마비(痲痺)를 풀 수 있는 근본적(根本的)인 해법(解法)은 어디까지나 그 발단(發端)인 농촌(農村)의 경제체제개혁(經濟體制改革), 농(農) 경공업(輕工業)을 위한 중공업(重工業), 국영기업(國營企業)의 개혁(改革) 등을 과감히 실시하는 것이다. 왜냐하면 해외직접투자(海外直接投資)라는 새로운 자금축적원(資金蓄積源)은 어디까지나 지금의 악순환구조(惡循環構造)를 임시적(臨時的)으로 정지시켜 주는 보완적(補完的)인 조치(措置)에 불과하기 때문이다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.561-579
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• 2008

The population concentration in Seoul has caused the chronic housing shortage. Accordingly the new towns in the Capital region were developed to alleviate overcrowding conditions in Seoul. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes of migration and commuting patterns according to new town development in the Capital region for the period of $1995{\sim}2005$. Further this study examines the changes of self-sufficiency level for new towns using jobs to housing ratio. During the last 10 years, the migration pattern in the Capital region has been pretty much followed the new town development. Such a migration pattern has influenced the commuting patterns, expanding the Seoul Metropolitan Area into northeastern par of the Capital region. The result reveals that self-sufficiency levels of new towns have become higher over the period of $1995{\sim}2005$, indicating that new towns are gradually strengthening their economic functions and have potential to become new business centers in the future. Therefore, the policy focusing on the increase of the job-housing balance ratio and self-sufficient level in new towns will be a desirable policy alternative to solve the transportation problems in the Capital region.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1999

The present study was carried out to evaluate the morphological changes in the degenerating primordial follicles induced by $\gamma$-radiation. The prepubertal female mice of three weeks old ICR strain were whole-body irradiated with a dose of $LD_{80(30)}$ (8.3 Gy). The ovaries were collected at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h post-irradiation. The largest cross sections were prepared with histological semi-thin sections and then observed microscopically. The ratio of normal to atretic follicles was reduced significantly after 6th post-irradiation. At 6 h post-irradiation, the number of degenerated primordial follicles increased. Germinal vesicles disappeared, and lipid droplets increased. No more ooplasmic membranes were seen. Granulosa cells became round in shape, and apoptotic cells started to appear. The ratio of normal to atretic follicles in the control group was 62.50%. The ratio decreased with time after irradiation. The ratio decreased down to 51.61 %, 48.97 %, 11.11 %, and 7.14 % at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h, respectively. Taken together, ionizing radiation acutely induced the degeneration of primordial follicles. The patterns of degeneration are 1) apoptosis of one or more granulosa cells with relatively intact oocyte, 2) apoptosis of oocyte with intact follicle cells, or 3) apoptotic degenerations of both cells. The Present study can provide morphological clues for the identification of degenerating primordial follicles.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2017

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a highly prevalent comorbidity in patients with heart failure and may present in 25 to 40 percent of heart failure patients. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the primary therapeutic option and effective in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In heart failure patients with CSA, several trials of CPAP showed a number of positive effects in heart failure treatment. A 58-year-old male visited the hospital because of dyspnea and he was diagnosed as heart failure with ischemic heart disease. He underwent coronary angiography and received percutaneous coronary intervention due to stenosis at the middle of left anterior descending coronary artery. However, dyspnea was not completely improved after treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention. The patient also experienced snoring and sleep apnea which worsened with symptom of dyspnea in the recent year. We suspected CSA and the patient underwent polysomnography to confirm whether sleep apnea was present. During the polysomnography, CSA with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) was observed and apnea-hypopnea index was 45.9/hr. The patient was treated with CPAP. After CPAP treatment, hypoxemia and CSA were resolved and dyspnea was improved with reducing NYHA class. We report a case successfully treated with clinical improvement by presuming CSA in a patient with heart failure.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.176-194
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• 2013

In this research, 'Construction Technology and Environment' units in 12 different technology home economics textbooks for 1st~3rd year middle school students under the 2009 Revised Educational Curriculum and the content system of textbooks were analyzed based on Reigeluth's elaboration theory, and the following conclusions were derived. First, each of the 12 different textbooks presented the elaboration process by procedural method and composed the content system. Second, the 'Construction Technology and Environment' unit presented many 'Thought Opening' as the systematization strategy of advance learning ability, and 'Unit Summary' presented at the end of the unit as the use strategy of the summarizer was presented preponderantly. In addition, 'Learning Objective' that represents the degree of achievement of the students after learning the unit was presented most as the use strategy of the synthesizer although there are differences in terms. In all of the textbooks, 'Figure,' 'Table,' 'Diagram', and 'Explanation of Terms' were used, and particularly, in the vitalizer strategy of the cognitive strategy, overwhelmingly greater number of 'Figure's, compared with all other elements, were presented as the vitalizer strategy of cognitive strategy. Finally, 'Compensatory Learning,' and 'In-depth Study' were presented as the learner control strategy in each of the 4 different textbooks, and there was one textbook that presents the term 'Supplement Reinforcement' in which compensatory learning and in-depth learning were integrated. Third, the metaphor utilization strategy among the 7 teaching strategies of the elaboration theory was hardly used in the composition items in units of textbooks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.780-790
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to analyze 'Forestland Classification System' in Korea and to develop a strategy for its improvement. A survey was conducted in this study based on the Delphi technique, one of the interactive survey method relying on a panel of experts. The result indicated that the existing 'Forestland Classification System' was initiated for reasonable management of forestland, but now it turned into one of the most strict management restrictions. To improve forestland management in Korea, it was suggested to adopt 'Forest Function System' in this study. Moreover, to avoid indiscreet landuse conversion that might be occurred by substituting the 'Forest Function System' for the 'Forestland Classification System', it was suggested to adopt 'Forestland Conversion Propriety Assessment System'. In fact, landuse conversion has been regulated by the 'Environmental Impact Assessment System', but this system appeared inadequate to be applied to the forested area. Illegal acts for having permission of landuse conversion for reserved forests was another big issue in the forestland management. For example, alteration of the reserved status of forests or partition into patches smaller than the size limit has been attempted. Thus in this study, it was strongly recommended to take sanction against such illegal acts. In order to enhance the efficiency of forestland management, it was also suggested to integrate administrative agencies related to the landuse conversion or to take over the charge to local governments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate cultivation to save the production method cost of warm type garlic. The optimum system for producing excellent seed bulbs by using bulbils of garlic has been required. The bigger size bulbils induced fast growth and lower rate of non-cloved bulbs. The ratio of non-cloved bulbs was the highest in the 0.1 g bulbils sowing of 'Namdo' and was low in the big size bulbils sowing. The bulbil growth rate of 'Deaseo' was much faster than that of 'Namdo', but most of 'Deaseo' bulbils showed low rate of non-cloved bulbs and small size scales in bulbs. The higher productivities of "Namdo" bulbils appeared at the September 11th sowing time, but 'Deaseo' bulbils produced small size non-cloved bulbs and got the very low ratio of non-cloved bulb production in all of the treatment, sowing that Jeju Island could not produce the non-cloved bulbs with 'Deaseo' garlic bulbuls. The growth rate such as leave number, leave length, bulb and clove size in the sowing distance of big size bulbils increased as the sowing distance was wider, but the rate of non-cloved bulbils decreased regardless of treatment. More than 3 g clove in the $10{\times}15cm$ distance of bulbs was produced resulted in sowing clove production potentials by using big size bulbil.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.126-144
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• 1974

Adult female prawn, Macrobrachium japonicum, which used for this work were collected at the river Simanto, Shikoku in Japan, and removed in the laboratory. Newly hatched larvae from an adult reared in circulation-filtered aquaria, which is controlled under the conditions of water temperature $26\pm0.3^{\circ}C$, chlorinity $6.21-6.45\%$ Cl, pH 8.0-8.1, illumination 3000 lux, and fed on Artemia salina nauplius sufficielltly For a period of rearing of zoea larvae, big individuals-individual varying bodies, comparing with standard bodies in the same aged individual group, are occasionally appeared from fifth zoea larva stage, and occurence of it be tempted to relate with the factor of trophic condition. This paper was dealt with a comparative morphological view on big individuals, comparing with standard type in the same aged group, to solve the problem on (1). the existence or nonexistence of stages which it is easier to occurence of big individuals, (2). the rate of development in several appendages of an individual, and (3). a happening of skipping whether it certainly occur or not, during newly hatched zoea larvae develop to post larva stage. The results of the above are as follow: (1). the stages which is easier to occur of big individuals are fifth and seventh stage in this species, (2). even same individual, development of several appendages differs more or less on the rate of growth in accordance with its parts, (3). Evidence which skipping phenomenon is occured, during development through zoea larvae to post larvae, couldn't confirm.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.338-346
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• 1995

Studies on activities of hepatocytes and changes of protein and total RNA contents in liver and muscle tissues associated with the gonadal maturation were performed using the adult rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli collected monthly from the adjacent waters at Poryong, Chungnam, Korea. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) of female increased from September and reached the maximum value (2.58) in February (growing stage of ovary). HSI of male began to increase from October (early maturation stage) and revealed the maximum value (3.20) in April (recovery stage). During the period of yolk formation in oocyte, the amount of glycogen particles and lipids in the hepatocytes of female gradually decreased, but total RNA contents increased. In the hepatocytes of male, a number of lipid droplets remained until the mature stage of testis. With the gonadal development of both sexes, granular endoplasmic reticula (Er) became abundant in the hepatocyte. These Ers might be supposed to have the leading role for the syntheses of protein and vitellogenin in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Protein and total RNA contents in the liver and muscle tissues of female began to increase from January (growing stage) and reached the maximum value in early April (maturation stage), and then decreased in late April (gestation stage). In male, their contents began to increase from October (early maturation stage), thereafter reached the maximum value in December (maturation and copulation stage), and decreased in January (degeneration stage).