• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.587-593
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of ginseng Jung Kwa and Jung Kwa solution prepared according to boiling frequency on Jung Kwa process. Ginseng Jung Kwa was made as follows: washed ginseng 8 kg was boiled 5 min with water 16 kg and then boiling water 8 kg was removed. Sucrose 10 kg was added to boiled ginseng soaking in hot water. Jung Kwa was boiled down for 60 min in sugar syrup and soaked for 24 hrs. According to the above process, Jung Kwa was boiled down 5 times. Moisture and pH of Jung Kwa and Jung Kwa solution decreased as the number of boiling time increased and $^{\circ}Brix$ of Jung Kwa solution increased. Crude saponin content of last Jung Kwa (GJ 6) increased to 4 times of raw ginseng. Content of Rf and Rd, component of ginsenosides, increased 77 and 16 times on Jung Kwa, respectively and content of crude saponin on last Jung Kwa solution (GJS 5) was 61.88 mg/g. The other ginsenosides on Jung Kwa decreased. As the number of boiling time increased, concentration of total sugar, glucose and fructose of Jung Kwa and Jung Kwa solution increased. Content of total organic acid on Jung Kwa decreased, especially, succinic acid, main organic acid of ginseng, decreased rapidly. L value of Jung Kwa decreased whereas a and b values increased.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.132-148
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• 2019

Recently, safety and environmental concerns have become major social issues. Especially, a special underground-safety law has been made and enacted to prevent ground subsidence around construction sites. For environmental problems, several researches have started or will start on characterization of contaminated sites, in-situ environmental remediation in subsurface, and monitoring of remediation results. As a part of the researches, geophysical surveys, which have been mainly applied to explore mineral resources, geological features or ground, are used to characterize not only contaminated areas but also fluid flow paths in subsurface environments. As a basic study for the application of geophysical surveys to detect contamination in subsurface, this paper analyzes previous researches to understand changes in geophysical properties of contaminated zones by various contaminants such as leachate, heavy metals, and non-adequate phase liquid (NAPL). Furthermore, this paper briefly introduces how geophysical surveys like direct-current electrical resistivity, induced polarization and ground penetration radar surveys can be applied to detect each contamination, before analyzing case studies of the applications in contaminated areas by NAPL, leachate, heavy metal or nitrogen oxides.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2019

Approximately 80% of the mines are vacated or abandoned mines and are mostly left without suitable environmental treatment facilities. In the area around the abandoned mine site, problems such as drainage of acidic city drainage and leakage of leachate occur, and ground subsidence caused by this can cause a safety accident due to sink hole occurrence. In this study, flow, compressive strength, water uptake, pore and hydration characteristics were investigated to investigate the basic properties of liner and cover material based on the replacement ratio of nano silica and silica fume in the existing blast - furnace slag fine powder. As a result, as the substitution ratio of nano silica and silica fume increased, the flow and compressive strength of nano silica specimens increased and the absorption rate decreased. In the case of pore characteristics, the amount of pores decreased as the substitution ratio of nano silica and silica fume increased. Especially, the capillary porosity of 10-1,000 nm diameter decreased. Ray diffraction analysis and SEM measurement showed that the peak positions of the hydration products were almost the same when compared with the 5% alternative test samples of Plain and silica fume.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.65-73
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• 2006

Reliability between safety factor and reliability index for driven and bored pile load capacity was analyzed in this study. 0.1B, Chin, De Beer, and Davisson's methods were used for determining pile load capacity by using load-settlement curve from pile load test. Each method defines ultimate yield and allowable pile load capacities. LCPC method using CPT results was performed for comparing results of pile load test. Based on FOSM analysis using load factors, it is obtained that reliability indices for ultimate pile load capacity were higher than those of yield and allowable condition. Present safety factor 2 for yield and allowable load capacities is not enough to satisfy target reliability index $2.0{\sim}2.5$. However, it is sufficient for ultimate pile load capacity using safety factor 3.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.59-76
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• 2024

Soil undergoes numerous repetitive loads, making it crucial to estimate changes in effective horizontal stress for structural stability. This study investigates the variations in the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K_o), void ratio, and shear wave velocity of granular materials during repetitive loading. Semi-cyclic compaction tests were performed under different initial stress-to-amplitude ratios throughout the loading history. The results indicate that the void ratio of all specimens decreases during cyclic compaction subjected to varying stress amplitude ratios, eventually stabilizing at a terminal void ratio-representing a stable deformation state. Variations in K_o under repetitive loading depend on the stress amplitude ratio and relative density, influenced by soil fabric and particle-scale mechanisms. K_o can be predicted through changes in shear wave velocity over the entire stress history as the number of cycles approaches infinity. This study presents new solutions for determining the resilient modulus in road pavement design and offers methods to estimate terminal settlement of foundation structures subjected to repetitive loading.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 2009

An investigation was conducted to get the basic data for establishing structural safety and environmental management of tomato greenhouses in Chungnam region. The contents of the investigation consisted of actual state of greenhouse structures and environmental control facilities. Most of greenhouses were arch type single-span plastic houses and they had too low height for growing tomatoes. Frameworks of multi-span greenhouses were suitable, but those of single-span were mostly insufficient. Every greenhouse had thermal curtain movable or covering fixed inside the greenhouse for energy saving, and heating facilities were mostly warm air heater. Irrigation facilities were mostly drip tube and controlled by manual operation or timer. Almost all of the greenhouses didn't install high level of environmental control facilities such as ventilator, air circulation fan, $CO_2$ fertilizer, insect screen, supplemental light, and cooling device.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 1995

Load testis are executed on model reticulated root piles (RRP) to figure out the optimum slanting angle in the piles installation. One set of model RRP consists of 8 slanting piles which are installed in circular patterns forming two concentric circles, each of which is made by 4 piles. Each pile which is a steel bar of 5m in diameter and 300mm in length is coated to become a pile of 6.5mm in diameter. The slanting angle of the model RRP varies from 0$^{\circ}$ to 20$^{\circ}$ Comparing ultimate bearing capacities of the model RRP of different installation angles, it is observed that the ultimate capacities of the RRP increase as the installation angle increases until 15$^{\circ}$, and the optimum slanting angle of the RRP is around 15$^{\circ}$ The ultimate bearing capacity of the 15$^{\circ}$-RRP is found to be 22% bigger than that of the vertical RRP and 120% bigger than that of the circular surface footing whose diameter is same with the circle formed by outer root piles'heads. However, it is noticed that when the slanting angle of the RRP is increased over 15$^{\circ}$, the ultimate capacity starts to be reduced. The ultimate capacity of 20$^{\circ}$-RRP is even smaller than that of the vertical RRP by as much as 5%. From the observation of the load settlement curve obtained during the RRP load tests, it is known that as the slanting angle gets bigger the load -settlement behavior becomes more ductile.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.113-122
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• 2013

In this study, the traditional structure of the impact on the stability analysis. Korean traditional landscape architecture column space of stonework stable composition as the foundation of the fence for a long time been known to fall down and not maintained. The destination of research Ohgokmun Damyang Soswaewon fence which is in harmony with nature is one of the traditional structures that affect its shape without being kept so far came true. This includes our ancestral wisdom and that wisdom can guess guesswork. But I let the traditional reproduction incidence structures frequently. This deviation from the traditional method of construction application of shorthand stand. Thus, the subject of this study, the factors that do not fall down fences Ohgokmun solution is to indirectly gain the weak. In addition, epidemiological studies and the methods of calculation of the inferred physical examination, the results of the analysis were derived through the following. First, the internal factors of the fence Ohgokmun constituting the structural member and the coupling of the scheme. 1) based on stable ground. Greater role in the country rock The fact that the settlement will have no symptoms. 2) to minimize the friction caused by hydrological water to remove the two-pronged process through stone work building form and menu sustaining power in hydrology and flooding made against the bypass channel. 3) due to the load bearing capacity and durability to withstand the strength of the material and the construction of structures in the form of a dispersion of power between each individual to maximize the process of getting traction was applied. Second, external factors Ohgokmun fence the results obtained through the calculation of the dynamics of repair, is greatly affected by the wind and the water gate of the fence, but the action of the structural stability of the lack of power that hurt enough conclusion. In this study, the results of the structure of internal and external influence as well through the structure can be viewed as composed consisting. However, over the next follow-up in terms of climate and environmental factors due to the fact that the fall might.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.174-183
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• 2014

Seabed beneath and near coastal structures may undergo large excess pore water pressure composed of oscillatory and residual components in the case of long durations of high wave loading. This excess pore water pressure may reduce effective stress and, consequently, the seabed may liquefy. If liquefaction occurs in the seabed, the structure may sink, overturn, and eventually increase the failure potential. In this study, to evaluate the liquefaction potential on the seabed, numerical analysis was conducted using the expanded 2-dimensional numerical wave tank to account for an irregular wave field. In the condition of an irregular wave field, the dynamic wave pressure and water flow velocity acting on the seabed and the surface boundary of the composite breakwater structure were estimated. Simulation results were used as input data in a finite element computer program for elastoplastic seabed response. Simulations evaluated the time and spatial variations in excess pore water pressure, effective stress, and liquefaction potential in the seabed. Additionally, the deformation of the seabed and the displacement of the structure as a function of time were quantitatively evaluated. From the results of the analysis, the liquefaction potential at the seabed in front and rear of the composite breakwater was identified. Since the liquefied seabed particles have no resistance to force, scour potential could increase on the seabed. In addition, the strength decrease of the seabed due to the liquefaction can increase the structural motion and significantly influence the stability of the composite breakwater. Due to limitations of allowable paper length, the studied results were divided into two portions; (I) focusing on the dynamic response of structure, acceleration, deformation of seabed, and (II) focusing on the time variation in excess pore water pressure, liquefaction, effective stress path in the seabed. This paper corresponds to (II).

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.160-173
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• 2014

Seabed beneath and near coastal structures may undergo large excess pore water pressure composed of oscillatory and residual components in the case of long durations of high wave loading. This excess pore water pressure may reduce effective stress and, consequently, the seabed may liquefy. If liquefaction occurs in the seabed, the structure may sink, overturn, and eventually increase the failure potential. In this study, to evaluate the liquefaction potential on the seabed, numerical analysis was conducted using the expanded 2-dimensional numerical wave tank to account for an irregular wave field. In the condition of an irregular wave field, the dynamic wave pressure and water flow velocity acting on the seabed and the surface boundary of the composite breakwater structure were estimated. Simulation results were used as input data in a finite element computer program for elastoplastic seabed response. Simulations evaluated the time and spatial variations in excess pore water pressure, effective stress, and liquefaction potential in the seabed. Additionally, the deformation of the seabed and the displacement of the structure as a function of time were quantitatively evaluated. From the results of the analysis, the liquefaction potential at the seabed in front and rear of the composite breakwater was identified. Since the liquefied seabed particles have no resistance to force, scour potential could increase on the seabed. In addition, the strength decrease of the seabed due to the liquefaction can increase the structural motion and significantly influence the stability of the composite breakwater. Due to limitations of allowable paper length, the studied results were divided into two portions; (I) focusing on the dynamic response of structure, acceleration, deformation of seabed, and (II) focusing on the time variation in excess pore water pressure, liquefaction, effective stress path in the seabed. This paper corresponds to (I).