• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.544-548
• /
• 2005

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of die temperature and dimension on extraction pattern, extract yield, and crude saponin content of extruded white ginseng. The extrusion variables were die temperature $(110\;and\;120^{\circ}C)$ and die dimension (3 holes with 1.0 mm, 2 holes with 2.0 mm, and 1 hole with 3.0 mm diameter). The browness and redness were indicator of active components in ginseng extract. Both were used to evaluate the effect of die temperature and die dimension on release pattern and release rate constant. Browness and redness of extract achieved its lowest value at die temperature $110^{\circ}C$ and 2 holes with 2.0 mm diameter, indicating the lowest extraction rate constant. Extract yield highly increased by extrusion treatment. Extract yield and crude saponin content were the highest at die temperature $120^{\circ}C$ and 1 hole with 3.0 mm diameter. In conclusion, extrusion process has contributed significantly in improvement of release rate of its active components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.10
• /
• pp.1476-1483
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted in order to compare changes in the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of mulberries depending on the degree of ripeness between greenhouse (GH) and open field (OF) cultivation. The mulberries were divided into five degrees of ripeness. Quality characteristics such as pH, acidity, antioxidant activity, and contents of free sugar, organic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were investigated. pH level increased slightly while acidity decreased depending on the degree of ripeness. Fructose and glucose were detected in mulberries as the major free sugar. Fructose and glucose increased rapidly during ripening. Citric acid was major acid and decreased considerably during ripening. Contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins increased considerably in the last stage of ripening. Contents of polyphenols, and flavonoids in mulberry from OF were higher than from GH. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased rapidly in mulberries of the last degree. Contents of functional components were not greatly different between GH and OF, whereas content of free sugar in GH was higher than that in OF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.857-870
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the socio-demographic factors and the Korean consumers’ palatability evaluation and to collect the sensory information for development of prediction palatability model of Hanwoo beef. Ten cuts〔Abjin (short plate), Bosup (top sirloin), Cheggt (striploin), Dngsim (loin), Guri (chuck tender), Hongduke (eye of round), Moksim (chuck roll), Sulgit (bottom round), Udoon (top round), Yangi (brisket)〕 were separated from 10 Hanwoo bulls beef(～24 months old) and prepared with the same manner for 3 different cooking methods such as boiling, grilling and roasting. The cooked beef samples were served to 650 consumers recruited from Seoul, Joongbu, Honam and Youngnam locations and evaluated tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability. The living location, age, gender, occupation, eating habit and cut were significantly related with the sensory properties when bull beef were cooked as boiled cooking(p<0.05). In grill cooking, only occupation, income and cut had the significant effect on the overall acceptability of Hanwoo bull beef(p<0.01). When bull beef were cooked as Korean traditional roast cooking, consumer’s sensory properties were significantly different by the living location, age, occupation, income, eating habit of consumers and cut(p<0.05). Also, results from the principal component analysis showed that palatability scores of Korean consumers were decided with different contribution scores of tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability of cut depending on cooking methods. In conclusion, Korean consumers’ palatability for Hanwoo bull beef were related with the socio-demographic factors and the sensory results were different by cut and cooking methods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.871-880
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the socio-demographic factors and the Korean consumers’ palatability evaluation and to collect the sensory information for development of prediction palatability model of Hanwoo beef. Ten cuts〔Abjin (short plate), Bosup (top sirloin), Cheggt (striploin), Dngsim (loin), Guri (chuck tender), Hongduke (eye of round), Moksim (chuck roll), Sulgit (bottom round), Udoon (top round), Yangi (brisket)〕 were separated from 10 Hanwoo bulls beef(～24 months old) and prepared with the same manner for 3 different cooking methods such as boiling, grilling and roasting. The cooked beef samples were served to 650 consumers recruited from Seoul, Joongbu, Honam and Youngnam locations and evaluated tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability. The living location, age, gender, occupation, eating habit and cut were significantly related with the sensory properties when bull beef were cooked as boiled cooking(p<0.05). In grill cooking, only occupation, income and cut had the significant effect on the overall acceptability of Hanwoo bull beef(p<0.01). When bull beef were cooked as Korean traditional roast cooking, consumer’s sensory properties were significantly different by the living location, age, occupation, income, eating habit of consumers and cut(p<0.05). Also, results from the principal component analysis showed that palatability scores of Korean consumers were decided with different contribution scores of tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability of cut depending on cooking methods. In conclusion, Korean consumers’ palatability for Hanwoo bull beef were related with the socio-demographic factors and the sensory results were different by cut and cooking methods.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.10-15
• /
• 2010

Most pesticides are poorly soluble in water and must be dissolved in a solvent carrier before being added to the test medium on aquatic toxicity test. The concentration of solvent is critical to the success of a test. This study were conducted to recommend possible organic solvents which have good solubility for pesticides and low toxicity to Korean native water flea to establish new standard toxicity test methods using Korean native water flea for ecological risk assessment of pesticide. Four Korean freshwater cladocerans, Daphnia obtusa, Daphnia sp., Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus vetulus were exposed to 10 different organic solvents during 48 hours to evaluate their toxic response to solvents. Ethyl acetate was the most toxic to cladocerans tested. Although ethyl ether was the least toxic to cladocerans tested, it may not adequate as possible solvent in aquatic toxicity test due to high volatility and low water solubility. In conclusion, acetone, methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile which has low toxicity as well as good water solubility are recommended as optimal organic solvent to use in aquatic toxicity tests with Korean native cladocerans tested.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.303-319
• /
• 2014

The study researched germination of the plants and growth of experimented bacteria according to concentration of water extract in order to provide basic data for developing natural agricultural resources by using naturalized plants including Solidago altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus and Sida spinosa. As concentration of water extract increased, most of test plants showed a decrease in relative germinability. Sida spinosa(r=-0.540, p<0.01), Physalis wrightii(r=-0.693, p<0.01), Amaranthus retroflexu(r=-0.724, p<0.01), Solidago altissima(r=-0.728, p<0.01) and Eclipta prostrata(r=-0.779, p<0.01) showed tendency of decrease in relative germinative power in order, respectively. For average germination period, as concentration of the processed group increased, the time for germination increased (r = 0.769, p<0.01) and according to donor plants and test plants, there was a little difference. Also, as concentration of water extract of donor plant, length of above-aerial part(r=-0.587, p<0.01), length of underground part(r=-0.741, p<0.01), fresh weight(r=-0.574, p<0.01) and generation of root hair decreased. An then, for growth of test fungi according to concentration of water extract of donor plants, growths of Botrytis cinerea(r=-0.266, p<0.05), Diaporthe citri(r=-0.323 p<0.01), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(r=-0.512, p<0.01), Pythiumultimum(r=-0.581, p<0.01) and Rhizoctonia solani(r=-0.806, p<0.01) were repressed in order, respectively. For total amount of content of phenol with herbicidal and Antifungal activities, S. altissima $17.3{\pm}0.5mg/g$, A. retroflexus $13.1{\pm}0.3mg/g$, P. wrightii $12.0{\pm}0.4mg/g$, S. spinosa $9.5{\pm}0.1mg/g$ and E. prostrata L. $4.1{\pm}0.1mg/g$ showed in order, respectively. As these results are summarized, donor plants which were naturalized, have competitive advantage because they release phenolic compounds with allelopathic effect and affect on germination, growth and fungi growth on underground flora compared to native plants and they have eligibility for natural herbicide and germicide.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.184-189
• /
• 2007

Purpose: This study was to explore barriers to effective pain management in general population. Methods: Total 163 Participants completed the Barrier Questionnaire-II (BQ-II), a 27-item on a six point scale, from May to June in 2007. BQ-II consisted of four subscales which were 1) physical effects (PE) addressing beliefs that side effects of analgesics are inevitable and concerns about tolerance, fatalism (Fa) addressing fatalistic beliefs about cancer pain and its management, Communication (Co) addressing the beliefs of 'good patient' and concerns of distracting physician from underlying disease, and harmful effects (HE) addressing fear of addiction and harmful effect to immune system of pain medicine. Results: The BQ-II total had an internal consistency of 0.877 in this study. HE was the biggest barrier (3.03) followed by PE (2.73), Fa (2.15), and Co (1.71). Items appeared as great concerns were 'there is a danger of becoming addicted to pain medication'(3.58), 'using pain medicine blocks your ability to know if you have any new pain' (3.18), 'pain medicine is very addictive' (3.09), 'when you use pain medicine your body becomes used to its effects and pretty soon it won't work any more' (3.09), and 'drowsiness from pain medicine is difficult to control' (3.09). Only 12 respondents (7.4%) reported that they took any type of pain education, however, those who took pain education represented significantly lower barriers to pain management than who did not (P=.029). Conclusion: This result suggests the strategies for public education to surmount cancer pain.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.212-218
• /
• 2015

In South Korea, various nature-like fishways recently been installed for use by a wide variety of fish species. However, limited attempts have been made to monitor the fish utilization. The present study was conducted to ascertain the frequencies and patterns of utilization of the fishway installed at Beakjae Weir. We collected fish species that use the fishway by installing a fyke net at the exit of the fishway at least once a month from April 2013 to October 2013. Additionally, in order to identify all fish species that can potentially use the fishway, we investigated the fish fauna downstream to Beakjae Weir (mainstream of the Geum River). We found that 10 species belonging to 2 families used the fishway; this accounted for 64% of the total species inhabiting the mainstream. The species that used the fishway most frequently were Microphysogobio jeoni, followed by Squaliobarbus curriculus and Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis. The highest number of fish using the fishway was observed in August, which was positively correlated with the water temperature (Spearman rank correlation, $r_s$=0.743, P=0.035). The sizes of the fish using the fishway varied widely, with the total body length ranging from 39 mm to 550 mm. Analysis of the time-dependent utilization frequency revealed that most fish used the fishway during the night (20:00~08:00). Compared to other fishways installed along the Geum River, the fishway installed at Beakjae Weir was used by fewer species and fish. This may be attributed to the structural inadequacy of the fishway, thereby resulting in a low attraction efficiency. Therefore, measures should be adopted to enhance the fishway attraction and passage efficiency. The results of this study can be used to ensure efficient operation and management of the Beakjae Weir fishway as well as serve as basic data for developing and building nature-like fishways tailored to Korean situations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.270-277
• /
• 2016

BACKGROUND: Significant amount of bisphenol A has been released from the manufacturing process of plastics, epoxy resins, dental material and flame retardants. Bisphenol A has been detected at trace levels in wastewater, surface water, landfill leachate and drinking water. However, the residual survey of bisphenol A has not been performed in agricultural reservoir beside agricultural environment cultivating crops. This study was conducted to monitor the residual bisphenol A in national agricultural reservoirs and understand a level of contamination of bisphenol A in the agricultural environment in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: The water and water sediment were collected at agricultural reservoirs in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Kyunggi, Jeonnam, Jeonbuk, Kyungnam and Kyungbuk province. Bisphenol A was analyzed by the LC-MS/MS with triple quad 4500. The recovery of water and water sediment in the agricultural reservoirs showed the level of 95.7~97.2% and 91.5~100.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bisphenol A was detected at the level of $0.05{\mu}g/L{\sim}0.18{\mu}g/L$ and $0.1{\mu}g/kg{\sim}34{\mu}g/kg$ in water and water sediment of the reservoirs, respectively. Based on the results, the residue of bisphenol A will be tried in the crops surrounding these agricultural reservoirs where bisphenol A detected above $10{\mu}g/kg$ of bisphenol A.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.209-216
• /
• 1987

The experiments were carried out in lab. as well as in pots, to develop the agricultural usage of water swellable polymer, a kind of polyacrylic acid(K-sorb) synthesized by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST) recently. The changes of soil physical properties and the influences to crops were investigated with various levels of K-sorb. When the K-sorb mixed with soils and soaked up distilled water, the volume of soils increased with the increase of soil available water contents and increase of K-sorb application levels. The rate increase of soil available water was higher in the coarse textured soils than in the fine while the swelling rate of soil volume showed adverse tendencies. A positive linear regression was observed between the contents of available soil water and levels of K-sorb. K-sorb application decreased bulk density and hardness due to the increase of porosity after soybean cultivation. The permeability in coarser textured soils such as sandy and coarse loamy families was decreased with the increase of K-sorb but in the medium textured soils it was opposite. At higher levels of K-sorb, about 0.5%, the permeability abruptly decreased due to dispersion and vertical movement in silty soils, while it was not changed in fine clayey soils but has the same trend with silty soils. In the plot of 0.3% of K-sorb application, the growth of soybean such as number of pods and stem length etc. increased and the yield also increased about 1.2-1.8 times of control. The optimum amounts of K-sorb were slightly different according to soil texture but estimated from regression curves were about 0.2% to 0.35% of soils in dry weight bases.