• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 2005

Background : Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasingly being recognized as a cause of chronic pulmonary disease. This study describes the prevalence of NTM species from clinical specimens and the clinical characteristics of NTM pulmonary disease. Material and Methods : The NTM isolated from March 2003 to December 2003 at the Kosin Medical Center were identified using an oligonucleotide chip containing the internal transcribed space (ITS) sequence. The medical records of the patients with the NTM isolates, who fulfilled the 1997 ATS diagnostic criteria for NTM pulmonary disease, were analyzed, retrospectively. Results : Twenty four species (24.2%) of NTM were isolated from 99 cultured AFB specimens. M. avium complex (MAC) (13 isolates), M. szulgai (3), M. kansasii (2), M. malmoense (2), M. abscessus (1), M. chelonae (1), M. scrofulaceum (1), and unclassified (1). Of the 23 patients with isolated NTM, 11 patients were found to be compatible with a NTM pulmonary infection according to the ATS criteria; MAC was found in 6 cases (54.5%), M. szulgai in 2 cases (18.2%), and M. abscessus, M. szulgai, M. kansasii and M. malmoense in 1 case each (9.1%). Ten patients (91%) were male and the median age at diagnosis was 61 years. In the pre-existing diseases, malignant disease was found in 6 cases including 5 patients with lung cancer, and history of old pulmonary tuberculosis was identified in 4 cases. The radiological patterns showed lung destruction lung in 3 cases, a cavitary mass in 3 cases, a nodular pattern in 2 cases, and reticulonodular, consolidation and a bronchiectasis pattern were in 1 case each. Conclusion : Various types of NTM pulmonary diseases were found in a tertiary hospital at Busan, Korea. The NTM pulmonary diseases were caused by MAC, M. szugai, M. kansasii, M. malmoense, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, and M. scrofulaceum in the order of frequency.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2005

Purpose : To characterize the epidemiology and clinical features of invasive pneumococcal infections in Korean children. Methods : One hundred ninety four cases of invasive pneumococcal infections diagnosed at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital from October 1985 to December 2003 were analysed retrospectively. All isolates were screened for resistance to penicillin by oxacillin disc diffusion test. Serotypes were determined for 125 isolates. Results : The types of infection were bacteremia without focus 84/194(43%), meningitis 36/194(19%), pneumonia with bacteremia 36/194(19%), peritonitis 24/194(12%), other focal infections 3/194(2%). Fifty seven percent(110/194) of the episodes developed in the immunocompromised and 20%(37/194) were nosocomially acquired. The patients younger than 2 years of age was 60% in the immunocompetent patients and 25% in the immunocompromised patients. The overall case fatality rate was 7%. All the isolates by 1988 were susceptible to penicillin screened by oxacillin disk. Penicillin resistance was first detected in 1989(20%), and then increased rapidly; 89% in 1995, 69% in 1996, and 80~100% thereafter. The seven most frequently isolated serotypes were 23F, 19F, 14, 6B, 6A, 9V and 19A, which accounted for 70% of total isolates. Conclusion : S. pneumoniaeis an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Invasive infections caused by S. pneumoniae most often occurred in infants and young children, while they are frequent in older immunocompromised children as well. This is the largest case series on invasive pneumococcal infections in Korean children.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1990

The responsiveness of various arterial smooth muscles isolated from rabbit to peptide YY (PYY) and the calcium source responsible for the muscles to contract were studied in vitro. PYY contracted the muscle strips of femoral, basilar and common iliac arteries more sensitively than renal, superior mesenteric and common carotid arteries. Common carotid and renal arteries were less sensitive to PYY $(p{\leqslant}0.05)$ than to NE; and basilar artery was more sensitive to PYY$(p{\leqslant}0.01)$ than to NE. A calcium channel blocker, verapamil and an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release, 3, 4, 5-Trime-thoxybenzoic arid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester [TMB-8] significantly $(p{\leqslant}0.001)$ suppressed the concentration-response of the strips from femoral artery to PYY. When both verapamil and TMB-8 existed in normal PSS, the concentration-response to PYY was inhibited almost completely; and a similar suppression was observed when the muscle was incubated in calcium-free, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid [EGTA] containing PSS. The results of these experiments suggest that increased PYY activity in circulation may result in the more sensitive increase in the intracranial vascular resistance and the cerebral arterial pressure than the increased sympathetic activity and that both intra- and extracellular calcium are to be utilized for the PYY-induced contraction on arterial smooth muscle.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.192-205
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors, which have influence upon changes of hydrological environment in time series, and evaluate water balance changes caused by urbanization. The results of the analysis and evaluation are as follow: At first, the river runoff at Gwangju River Basin keep base flow of river by storage capacity recharged in June to September and show peak in August and minimum flow in May. The groundwater recharge by urbanization accounted for 46.1% of rainfall at early-urban stage, and decreased to 36.5% and 29.9% in the 1960's and the 1990's respectively, and is likely to decrease to 27.8% in the 2010's. On the other hand, the overland flow was 9.6% of rainfall in the 1960's and 16.2% in the 1990's, and is likely to increase to 18.3% in the 2010's. When such a phenomenon is kept continuously, distorted water balance shall be worsened to create not only frequent occurrence of urban flood but also decreased base flow of Gwangju River to accelerate dry stream phenomenon. The time series study on urban redevelopment and environment maintenance describes distorted phenomenon to supply the information for nature-friendly land use, and examines relations between human activities and natural environment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2008

Two hundred and sixty-eight bacterial strains were isolated from pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) basal soil. In the course of screening for antifungal activity against seven plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosprioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytopthora capsici, Pythium ultimum, Rizoctonia solani) of isolates, strain KM1-15 showed strong antibiotic activity against Alternaria panax and Colletotrichum gloeosprioides. In determining its relationship on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence, KM1-15 strain was most closely related to Bacillus $koguryoae^T$ (AY904033) (99.62%). When assayed with the API 50CHE Kit, unlike Bacillus koguryoae, it is positive for utilization of L-arabinose, cellobiose, inulin, and D-turanose. Results of cellular fatty acid analysis showed that major cellular fatty acids were 15:0 anteiso (35.78%) and 17:0 anteiso (17.97%). In particular, hydroxyl fatty acids such as 13:0 iso 3-OH, 14:0 iso 3-OH, 15:0 iso 3-OH, and 17:0 iso 3-OH were only restricted to strain KM1-15. DNA G+C content was 43.7 mol% and quinone system was MK-7 (100%) in strain KM1-15.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.10 s.171
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• pp.867-880
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• 2006

Hydrological models with many parameters and complex model structures require a powerful and detailed model calibration/validation scheme. In this study, we proposed a multi-variable and multi-site calibration and validation framework for the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model applied in the Gap-cheon catchment located downstream of the Geum river basin. The sensitivity analysis conducted before main calibration helped understand various hydrological processes and the characteristics of subcatchments by identifying sensitive parameters in the model. In addition, the model's parameters were estimated based on existing data prior to calibration in order to increase the validity of model. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients and correlation coefficient were used to estimate compare model output with the observed streamflow data: $R_{eff}\;and\;R^2$ ranged 0.41-0.84 and 0.5-0.86, respectively, at the Heuduck station. Model reproduced baseflow estimated using recursive digital filter except for 2-5% overestimation at the Sindae and Boksu stations. Model also reproduced the temporal variability and fluctuation magnitude of observed groundwater levels with $R^2$ of 0.71 except for certain periods. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of multi-variable and multi-site method provided high confidence for the structure and estimated parameter values of the model.

• Water for future
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 1986

The objective of this study was to determine the best representative synthetic unit hydrograph that is applicable to ungaged small watershed. A typical unit hydrograph was established with the actual data from a small watershed. Four currently well-known methods for analyzing ungaged small watershed, including Snyder's, Clark's S.C.S. and Nash methods, were evaluated with the data from the same small watershed. The following observations were noted from the analysis of four methods. The Snyder's method yielded the similar peak discharge value as the typical unit hydrograph. With co-ordinates of three discharge values, i.e. 25%, 50% and 75% of peak discharge, were not adequate for deriving a typical unit hydrograph in ungaged small watershed. With Clark's method there shall be some way of obtaining the exact base length of time area diagram and isochrone of each reach of the stream. With Nash method peak discharge and base flow time are affected by the storage constant and gamma function argument; therefore, for deriving a more reliable and workable unit hydrograph one needs to select for the better estimation of storage constant and gamma function argument. In S.C.S. method peak discharge is directly related to the watershed area and inversely related to the time of peak diacharge. Therefore area with faster peak discharge yielded the higer peak discharge value. Although the peak discharge value obtained frome the S.C.S. method higher than the value obtained from the unit hydrograph developed from the actual data, this method contains a number of advantageous factors. The peak discharge value and the time of peak discharge can be claculated easity from the morphological characteristics of the watershed, and in S.C.S method co-ordinates of the unit hydrograph can be calculated easily from that of the dimensionless unit hydrograph. When the four currently used methods were evaluated with a typical unit hydrograph obtained from the actual data, the S.C.S method was show to be the best method in deriving a synthetic unit hydrograph for ungaged small watershed.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1999

$Buffer/[NiFe/Cu/CoFe(Co)/Cu]_N$ spin valve multilayers prepared by dc magnetron sputtering on a corning glass substrate using NiFe and CoFe(Co) posses different coercivities. Dependence of magnetoresistance on the type and thickness of buffer layer, thickness of Cu, NiFe, stacking number of multilayer, substrate temperature and annealing temperature in the form $[NiFe/Cu/CoFe(Co)/Cu]_N$ spin-valve multilayers were investigated. To evaluate effect of magnetoresistance for this samples, X-ray diffraction analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer analysis, and magnetoresistance measurement (4-probe method) were performed the maximum magnetoresistance ratio and coercivity were 7.5 % and 140 Oe, respectively for $Cr-50{\AA}/[NiFe-20{\AA}/Cu-{\AA}/Co-20{\AA}/Cu-50{\AA}]_10$ at substrate temperature of 9$0^{\circ}C$. Magnetoresistance slope maintained 0.25%/Oe until 15$0^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature, and then decreased to 0.03%/Oe at 20$0^{\circ}C$. It was confirmed that the main factor of thermal stability was deteriorating of soft magnetic properties in the NiFe layer.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 1999

The ultrastructure of small arterioles and capillaries in the lumbrical muscles of rat digits were studied by electron microscopy and following results were obtained. 1. The diameter of small arterioles of rat digits were $12\sim20{\mu}m$, and it was relatively smaller than human $(30\sim35{\mu}m)$. 2. All the endothelial cells of small arterioles and capillaries in the lumbrical muscles of rat digits were continuous type, and they had typical morphological characteristics of continuous endothelial cells : numerous cytoplasmic pinocytic vesicles and many tight junctions between the endothelial cells. 3. In the small arterioles subendothelial layers were irregularly spaced beneath the basal lamina, and membrane to membrane contacts were found between the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. 4. Pericytes were often found nearby capillary endothelium, and their cytoplasmic processes surrounded part of endothelial cells. They were enclosed by basal lamina. 5. Smooth muscle cells in tunica media of small arterioles were only one layered, that is, they were terminal arterioles. Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle cell was divided to 2 areas; homogeneous or filamentous area and non-homogeneous perinuclear area. 6. The tunica adventitia contained fibroblasts with extremely attenuated cytoplasmic processes and collagen fibirls.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6B
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• pp.697-707
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• 2008

The grid-based KIneMatic wave STOrm Runoff Model (KIMSTORM) by Kim (1998) predicts the temporal variation and spatial distribution of overland flow, subsurface flow and stream flow in a watershed. The model programmed with C++ language on Unix operating system adopts single flowpath algorithm for water balance simulation of flow at each grid element. In this study, we attempted to improve the model by converting the code into FORTRAN 90 on MS Windows operating system and named as ModKIMSTORM. The improved functions are the addition of GAML (Green-Ampt & Mein-Larson) infiltration model, control of paddy runoff rate by flow depth and Manning's roughness coefficient, addition of baseflow layer, treatment of both spatial and point rainfall data, development of the pre- and post-processor, and development of automatic model evaluation function using five evaluation criteria (Pearson's coefficient of determination, Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency, the deviation of runoff volume, relative error of the peak runoff rate, and absolute error of the time to peak runoff). The modified model adopts Shell Sort algorithm to enhance the computational performance. Input data formats are accepted as raster and MS Excel, and model outputs viz. soil moisture, discharge, flow depth and velocity are generated as BSQ, ASCII grid, binary grid and raster formats.