• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.200-200
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• 2011

실제 유역에서 지류유입량(tributary inflow)의 형태로든 사면류의 형태로든 측방유입은 반드시 존재한다. 측방유입이 하도의 지배적인 흐름이 되는 경우 이는 유출수문곡선의 종거값과 형태를 변화시키는데 중요한 역할을 하게 된다. 따라서 측방유입의 형태를 저류상수 및 집중시간과 같은 수문학적 특성으로 적절하게 표현할 수 있다면, 전체 유역 내에서 측방유입의 지체효과 및 저류효과를 파악하는데 크게 기여하게 된다. 측방유입과 관련된 선행연구들을 살펴보면, Saint-Venant 방정식을 근간으로 하는 연구가 주를 이루고, Muskingum 하도추적모형 또는 Muskingum-Cunge 하도추적 모형을 확장한 연구가 나머지 부분을 차지한다(Hayami, 1951; Dooge et al. 1982). 지금까지 수행된 대다수의 연구들은 수치해석적으로 측방유입의 유출량을 모의하거나 혹인 관측값이 존재하는 경우 역으로 측방유입의 특성을 유추한 것들로 다소 복잡하고, 관측값이 존재하지 않는 경우에는 적용이 어려운 문제점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 유역의 물리적인 특성과 주하도의 특성만을 이용하여 측방유입의 특성을 대략적으로 유추하는 것이 가능하다면, 전체유역과 각 소유역의 관계는 전체유역의 물리적인 특성과 주하도의 수문학적 특성만으로 충분히 파악할 수 있게 된다. 다시 말해 유역분할 시 각 소유역 사이의 관계를 고려하여 전체유역의 유출량을 파악하는 것이 가능해진다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Muskingum 하도추적모형을 재해석한 순간단위도를 이용하여 측방유입의 수문학적 해석을 시도하였다. 대상유역으로는 격자형태의 사각형과 삼각형 유역을 임의로 가정하였으며, 각각의 유역에서의 순간단위도를 선형하천모형과 선형저수지모형의 합으로 유도하였다. 이때 저류상수는 하도길이와 비례한다는 가정을 바탕으로 사각형과 삼각형 유역에서의 저류상수 및 집중시간을 유도하였다. 특히 유역 출구에서 최원점에 위치한 격자에서 유출이 발생시간을 집중시간으로 가정하였으며, 이 시점에서의 종거값과 기울기를 이용하여 저류상수를 유도하였다. 그 결과, 선형하천과 선형저수지모형 각각은 집중시간과 저류상수로 특징지어짐을 알 수 있었으며, 결정된 측방유입의 저류상수 및 집중시간이 적절한 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 향후 대유역에서 유역분할의 효과뿐만 아니라 홍수량 할당문제를 입증하는데 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare patient's body posture and its position at the time of simulation with one at the treatment room using On-board Imaging (OBI) and CT (CBCT). The detected offsets are compared with position errors of Rando Phantom that are practically applied. After that, Rando Phantom's position is selected by moving couch based on detected deviations. In addition, the errors between real measured values of Rando Phantom position and theoretical ones is compared. And we will evaluate target position's accuracy of KV X-ray imaging's 2D and CBCT's 3D one. Materials and Methods: Using the Rando Phantom (Alderson Research Laboratories Inc. Stanford. CT, USA) which simulated human body's internal structure, we will set up Rando Phantom on the treatment couch after implementing simulation and RTP according to the same ways as the real radioactive treatment. We tested Rando Phantom that are assumed to have accurate position with different 3 methods. We measured setup errors on the axis of X, Y and Z, and got mean standard deviation errors by repeating tests 10 times on each tests. Results: The difference between mean detection error and standard deviation are as follows; lateral 0.4+/-0.3 mm, longitudinal 0.6+/-0.5 mm, vertical 0.4+/-0.2 mm which all within 0~10 mm. The couch shift variable after positioning that are comparable to residual errors are 0.3+/-0.1, 0.5+/-0.1, and 0.3+/-0.1 mm. The mean detection errors by longitudinal shift between 20~40 mm are 0.4+/-0.3 in lateral, 0.6+/-0.5 in longitudinal, 0.5+/-0.3 in vertical direction. The detection errors are all within range of 0.3~0.5 mm. Residual errors are within 0.2~0.5 mm. Each values are mean values based on 3 tests. Conclusion: Phantom is based on treatment couch shift and error within the average 5mm can be gained by the diminution detected by image registration based on OBI and CBCT. Therefore, the selection of target position which depends on OBI and CBCT could be considered as useful.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.15-27
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• 2016

This study was conducted to suggest a landslide triggering rainfall threshold (ID curve) for landslide prediction by considering the effect of antecedent rainfall. 202 rainfall data including domestic landslide and rainfall records were used in this study. In order to consider the effect of antecedent rainfall, rainfall data were analyzed by changing Inter Event Time Definition (IETD) and IETD based ID curve were presented by regression analysis. Compared to the findings of the previous studies, the presented ID curve has a tendency to predict the landslides occurring at a relatively low rainfall intensity. It is shown that the proposed ID curve is appropriate and realistic for predicting landslides through the validation of proposed ID curve using records of landslides in 2014. Based on this analysis, it is found that the longer IETD, the greater the effect of antecedent rainfall, and the steeper the gradient of ID curve. It is also found that the rainfall threshold (intensity) is higher for the short period rainfall and lower for the long period rainfall.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.979-986
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• 2016

The tripod shafts of constant-velocity joint are used in both the trains KTX and KTX-sanchon. It is an important component that connects the motor reduction unit and the axle reduction unit in a power bogie. The tripod shaft not only transmits drive and brake torque in the rotational direction, but also slides in the axial direction. If the drive system is loaded with an excessive torque, the fuse part of the shaft will be fractured firstly to protect the other important components. In this study, a rig was developed for conducting torsion tests on the tripod shaft, which is a type of mechanical fuse. The tripod shafts were subjected to torsional fracture test and torsional fatigue test on the rig. The weak zone of the tripod shaft was identified, and its fatigue life was predicted using finite element analysis (FEA). After analyzing the FEA results, design solutions were proposed to improve the strength and fatigue life of the tripod shaft. Furthermore, the deterioration trend and time for failure of the tripod shaft were verified using the hysteresis loops which had been changed with the advancement of the torsional fatigue test.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4B
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• pp.355-362
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• 2006

Several techniques of MK test, Spearman's Rho test, Linear Regression test, CUSUM test, Cumulative Deviation, Worsley Likelihood Ratio test, Rank Sum test, and Students' t test were applied to detect the trends of slope and shift which exist in hydrologic and climate time series. The time series of annual rainfall, inflow, tree ring index, and southern oscillation index (SOI) were used and the trends of these series were compared in the study. From the results, it can be found that the data could be classified into two categories such as linear trend and shift. 4 series data of 8 rainfall series which reveal the trend show the shift and 8 series data of 18 tree ring index and March and April series of monthly SOI data show shift. Moreover, ADF test and BDS test were used to test stationarity and non-linearity of the data. In conclusion, through the study, various trend analysis techniques were compared and 6 kinds of characteristics which can exist in hydrologic time series were identified.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2015

In 2014, on 31 August and 1 September, the emissions of $CH_4$, $CO_2$, and $O_2$ gases were measured six times using the closed chamber method from exposed tidal flat sediments in the same position relative to the low point of the tidal cycle in the Eoeun-ri, Taean-gun, on the Mid-western Coast of Korea. The concentrations of $CH_4$ in the air sample collected in the chamber were measured using gas chromatography with an EG analyzer, model GS-23, within 6 hours of collection, and the other gases were measured in real time using a multi-gas monitor. The gas emission fluxes (source (+), and sink (-)) were calculated from a simple linear regression analysis of the changes in the concentrations over time. In order to see the surrounding parameters (water content, temperature, total organic carbon, average mean size of sediments, and the temperature of the inner chamber) were measured at the study site. On the first day, across three measurements during 5 hours 20 minutes, the observed $CO_2$ flux absorption was -137.00 to $-81.73mg/m^2/hr$, and the $O_2$ absorption, measured simultaneously, was -0.03 to $0.00mg/m^2/hr$. On the second day using an identical number of measurements, the $CO_2$ absorption was -20.43 to $-2.11mg/m^2/hr$, and the $O_2$ absorption -0.18 to $-0.14mg/m^2/hr$. The $CH_4$ absorption before low tide was $-0.02mg/m^2/hr$ (first day, Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS statistical analysis is -0.555(n=5, p=0.332, pronounced negative linear relationship)), and $-0.15mg/m^2/hr$ (second day, -0.915(n=5, p=0.030, strong negative linear relationship)) on both measurement days. The emitted flux after low tide on both measurement days reached a minimum of $+0.00mg/m^2/hr$ (+0.713(n=5, p=0.176, linear relationship which can be almost ignored)), and a maximum of $+0.03mg/m^2/hr$ (+0.194(n=5, p=0.754, weak positive linear relationship)) after low tide. However, the absolute values of the $CH_4$ fluxes were analyzed at different times. These results suggest that rate for $CH_4$ fluxes, even the same time and area, were influenced by changes in the tidal cycle characteristics of surface sediments for understanding their correlation with these gas emissions, and surrounding parameters such as physiochemical sediments conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.5 s.91
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• pp.35-44
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• 2006

Acceleration and deceleration curves have been used for design purposes worldwide. The curve in design level has been regarded as an single deterministic curve to be used for design of climb lanes. It should be noted that the curve was originally made using ideal driving truck and that the curve is applied during design based on the assumption of no difference between ideal and real driving conditions. However. observations show that aged vehicles and lazy behavioring drivers nay make lower performance of vehicles than the ideal performance. The present paper provides the results of truck speeds at climbing lanes then probabilistic variation of acceleration and deceleration corves. For these purposes. a study about identification of vehicle makers, and weights for trucks at freeway toll gates and then observation of vehicle-following speed were performed. The 85%ile results obtained were compared with the deterministic performance curves of 180, 200, and 220 Ib/hp. It was identified that the performance of 85%ile results obtained from vehicle-following-speed observations were lower than one from deterministic performance curves. From these results, it may be concluded that at the beginning Point of climbing lanes additional $16.19{\sim}67.94m$ is necessary and that at the end point of climbing lanes $53.12{\sim}103.24m$ of extension is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.73-85
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• 2015

This study investigated the extent and magnitude of the woodland edge effects on users' thermal environments according to distance from woodland border. A series of experiments to measure air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, MRT and UTCI were conducted over six days between July 31 and August 5, 2015, which corresponded with extremely hot weather, at the south-facing edge of Hadongsongrim(pure Pinus densiflora stands, tree age: $100{\pm}33yr$, tree height: $12.8{\pm}2.7m$, canopy closure: 75%, N $35^{\circ}03^{\prime}34.7^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}44^{\prime}43.3^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 7~10m) and east-facing edge of Hamyangsangrim (Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii community, tree age: 102~125yr/58~123yr, tree height: tree layer $18.6{\pm}2.3m/subtree$ layer $5.9{\pm}3.2m/shrub$ layer $0.5{\pm}0.5m$, herbaceous layer coverage ratio 60%, canopy closure: 96%, N $35^{\circ}31^{\prime}28.1^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}43^{\prime}09.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 170~180m) in rural villages of Hadong and Hamyang, Korea. The minus result value of depth means woodland's outside. The depth of edge influence(DEI) on the maximum air temperature, minimum relative humidity and wind speed at maximum air temperature time during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $12.7{\pm}4.9$, $15.8{\pm}9.8$ and $23.8{\pm}26.2m$, respectively, in the mature evergreen conifer woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $3.7{\pm}2.2$, $4.9{\pm}4.4$ and $2.6{\pm}7.8m$, respectively, in the deciduous broadleaf woodland of Hamyansangrim. The DEI on the maximum 10 minutes average MRT, UTCI from the three-dimensional environment absorbed by the human-biometeorological reference person during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $7.1{\pm}1.7$ and $4.3{\pm}4.6m$, respectively, in the relatively sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $5.8{\pm}4.9$ and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$, respectively, in the dense and closed woodland of Hadongsongrim. Edge effects on the thermal environments of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, MRT and UTCI in the sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim were less pronounced than those recorded in densed and closed woodland of Hamyansangrim. The gradient variation was less steep for maximum 10 minutes average UTCI with at least $4.3{\pm}4.6m$(Hadongsongrim) and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$(Hamyansangrim) being required to stabilize the UTCI at mature woodlands. Therefore it is suggested that the woodlands buffer widths based on the UTCI values should be 3.5~7.6 m(Hamyansangrim) and 4.3~8.9(Hadongsongrim) m on each side of mature woodlands for users' thermal comfort environments. The woodland edge structure should be multi-layered canopies and closed edge for the buffer effect of woodland edge on woodland users' thermal comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.117-133
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• 2010

A hybrid system of soil-nailing and compression anchor is proposed in this paper; the system is composed of an anchor bar (installed at the tip) with two PC strands and a steel bar. After drilling a hole, installing proposed hybrid systems, and filling the hole with grouting material, prestress is applied to the anchor bar to restrict the deformation at the head and/or to prevent shallow slope failures. However, since the elongation rate of PC strand is much larger than that of steel bar, yield at the steel bar will occur much earlier than at the PC strand. It means that the yield load of the hybrid system will be overestimated if we simply add yield loads of the two - anchor bar and PC strands. It might be needed to try to match the yielding time of the two materials by applying the prestress to the anchor bar. It means that the main purpose of applying prestress to the anchor bar should be two-fold: to restrict the deformation at the nail head; and more importantly, to maximize the design load of the hybrid system by utilizing load transfer mechanism that transfers the prestress applied at the tip to the head through anchor bar. In order to study the load transfer mechanism in a systematic way, in-situ pullout tests were performed with the following conditions: soil-nailing only; hybrid system with the variation of prestress stresses from 0 kN to 196 kN. It was found that the prestress applied to the anchor system will induce the compressive stress to the steel bar; it will result in decrease in the slope of load-displacement curve of the steel bar. Then, the elongation at which the steel bar will reach yield stress might become similar to that of PC strands. By taking advantage of prestress to match elongations at yield, the pullout design load of the hybrid system can be increased up to twice that of the soil-nailing system.