• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.221-253
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to define the key competency as Christian(in another word: Christian key competency) and to interpret the six key competencies of the 2015 revised curriculum in a Christian educational way. Also as an alternative to the key competencies model of the 2015 revised curriculum, this study aims to materialize the formation of a Christian key competencies model based on Christian faith. This study derived 'faith' from the key competencies as Christian throughout preceding research analysis. The 'faith' of the key competencies as Christian means the ability to know oneself, and to know the world and God within the knowledge of the Bible (knowledge of God) in the personal relationship with God, and also it is the ability to think, judge, and act with biblical values, Christian world view, and Christian self-identity. The key competency 'faith' could be the basis (standard) of motivation, attitude and the value of all competencies in cultivation and exercise. The model of Christian key competencies has the structure in which each six key competencies become to be cultivated based on the Christian key competency called "faith." Based on the structure, the six key competencies of the 2015 revised curriculum were interpreted and explained from the perspective of Christian education. In the self-management competency, self-identity can be correctly formed in relations with transcendent God. In aesthetic emotional competency, the empathic understanding of human beings comes from the understanding of the image of God, the supreme beauty, the source of beauty. About the community competency, human community is the source of God who created the universe, human and all of things. It is because a Christian community is a community within the relationship of Trinity God, Nature and others. Therefore regions, countries, and the world become one community. Communication competency first stem from good attitudes toward yourself and others with respectful mind. It comes from an understanding of Christian human beings. Also, there is a need of having a common language for communications. The common language is the Bible that given to us for our communicative companionship. Through the language of the Bible, God made us to know about God, human being and the creative world, and also made us to continue to communicate with God, others and the world. For having the knowledge-information processing competency, a standard of value for the processing and utilization of knowledge and information is required. The standard should be the basis of moral and ethical values for human respect. About creative thinking competency, the source of creativity is God who created the world. Human beings who have the image of God own creative potential. As well as, creativity has different expression forms depending on individual preferences and interests, and different approaches will be made depending on each individual's importance and achievement. Individual creativity can be found through education, and it can be embodied by converging knowledge, skills and experience.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1690-1696
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data useful in designing apparel patterns for aged abdominal obese women. The body measurements of 318 women were taken at random, whose ages were over 60 and fields of action were colleges, sports centers, or business sites in Seoul and the neighboring districts. A total of 33 features in the upper body and lower body were used fer the anthropometric measurement and analysis using anthropometry. The collected measurement data were processed statistically using the SPSS 12.0 program for technical statistical analysis, t-test, frequency analysis, correlation analysis. The results of the study are as follows. 1. Subjects were classified into two groups as a result of analysis for measurement data. It was revealed that 251(about 79 percent) women of total subjects(n=318) have a characteristic of abdominal obese body type and elderly women of these group usually had big abdomen rather than hip. The criteria of abdominal obesity based on waist-hip ratio, WHR(=0.85). 2. Aged abdominal obese women have shown much larger size in most body measurements except items of some vertical length, such as bust ponit-bust point, font interscye, back interscye with circumference and depth of armscye, bust, waist, abdomen and hip while showing no difference in height, biacrominal breadth, hip width, neck shoulder point to breast point, crotch length. 3. Vervaeck index(=100.1) and Rohrer index(=1.7) indicated that the abdominal obese women were fat in overall body. And aspect ratio of waist(=0.86), abdomen(=0.92) and hip(=0.75) also appeared high that the shape of cross sections in those regions was similar to a figure of circle 4. In view of the correlation coefficient between hip circumference and the rest measurement items, and between hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion and the rest measurement items, there were found some differences for each group. In case of Group (abdominal obese group), the former is smaller than the other. 5. In case of Abdominal obese women, hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion is more mutually related to the rest items related to make apparel pattern as waist circumference, depth of armscye and so on than what hip circumference is. This result indicated which must be considered hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion to make apparel patterns for abdominal obese women unlike women of common body types.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2017

Objectives : Outpatient treatment orders refer to a mandatory social program in which mentally ill persons are ordered by the court to participate in specified outpatient treatment programs. This study aimed to investigate the factors that affect outpatient treatment orders and adherence to outpatient treatment in mental health patients. Methods : A survey on outpatient treatment orders and adherence to outpatient treatment was conducted on 60 psychiatrists between October and November 2016. The questionnaire items were drafted based on a literature review, and they were then evaluated by 3 psychiatrists and 1 law school professor before being finalized. Answers from the respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the median, maximum, and minimum values of the effectiveness scores of outpatient treatment orders were calculated. Results : Among the 60 psychiatrists, 45(75.0%) were aware of outpatient treatment orders; however, only 2 out of the 45(4.0%) had actually used the program in the last 12 months. The subjective effectiveness was very low, with only 40 points out of 100. Furthermore, of the readmitted patients, 37.7% had received continued outpatient treatment, whereas 53.1% chose to quit the outpatient treatment programs, meaning that the number of dropouts was higher. Among the discharged patients, approximately two-thirds were receiving continued treatment. With regard to follow-up for dropouts, majority of the responses were either "Not taking any action"(n=27) or "Not following up"(n=15). Only two respondents answered "Contact the community mental health promotion center," meaning that this response was very rare. Meanwhile, when asked about efficient measures to be implemented for dropouts, a vast majority of the respondents(n=30) selected the answer "Work with the community mental health promotion center." Conclusions : The outpatient treatment orders currently being administered were found to be ineffective, and the associated adherence to outpatient treatment was also found to be extremely poor. Hence, the effectiveness of the therapeutic interventions could benefit from institutional as well as administrative improvements. Community mental health promotion centers are expected to have an important role in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.289-304
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the consumers' acceptance of irradiated foods according to sociodemographic characteristics and the factors to distinguish subjects with differential levels of their willingness to buy them. Data were collected from the 365 women living in Youngnam area by the self-administered questionnaire. The results from this study were as follows. First, consumers were concerned regarding food safety issues in general and particularly preservatives. Second, many subjects had not heard of the irradiated foods and showed wait-and-see attitude in the willingness to accept them. Consumers' willingness to purchase them were higher than any other cases if radiation would not remain in foods. Third, the results from the discriminant analyses showed that the concern toward food safety, perceived innovativeness, willingness to pay more for organic foods, and knowledge of irradiation were the factors to distinguish groups with differential levels of willingness to purchase the irradiated foods. The results from the study imply that accurate and scientific information about food irradiation should be given to the consumers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.378-383
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• 2001

Embryo culture, ovule culture and ovary slice culture were tested to find optimum method for overcoming post fertilization barrier in interspecific crosses between L. longiflorum 'Gelria' and L. cernuum. Although reciprocal crosses between the species were carried out by cut-style pollination method, fruits developed only in crosses of L. longiflorum${\times}$L. cernuum. On the 40 days after pollination, ovaries were sliced into 2-4mm thickness and cultured on a hormone-free Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% sucrose. For the L. longiflorum Gelria'${\times}$L. cernuum cross, ovule development was found to be best at 6% sucrose and a lot of hybrid plant lets established directly from the ovary slice culture and subsequent ovule culture. High concentration of sucrose above 8% made ovules abort or vitrificate from 40 days after culture. In contrast, ovules from the L. cernuum${\times}$L. longiflorum 'Gelria' cross swelled well in ovary slice culture, however, they did not germinated in subsequent ovule culture. On the 60 days after pollination, ovules thicker than 0.6mm was interpreted as one containing embryo. The embryo size ranged from 1.2 mm to 1.7 mm, and in vitro development of the excised embryos was found to be best with the MS medium (pH 5.8), supplemented with $0.1-1 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA and 6% sucrose. Thick ovules excised 60 days after pollination germinated about 60% as normal seeds in MS medium supplemented with 6% sucrose and free hormone. The ovule culture 60 days after pollination was concluded to be most recommendable to produce interspecific hybrids in large scale crosses between L. longiflorum 'Gelria' and L. cernuum by the reason of easy procedure.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.578-580
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• 1999

The effects of the orchid mycorrhizal fungi isolated from Cymbidium goeringii were investigated on the growth of orchid plants. The plants, a hybrid of Cymbidium kanran Jeju${\times}$C. kanran Nangoku and Phalaenopsis were inoculated with the fungal isolates of Rhizoctonia repens (P1), R. endophytica (P2) and R. repens (P3; different from P1) on the oatmeal agars for two months. Then the orchid plants were cultivated in the greenhouse for eighteen months. The difference of plant growth after cocultivation for two months was not found among the treatments. After cultivation for four months, the growth of hybrid plants of Cymbidium kanran Jeju${\times}$C. kanran Nangoku was observed to be distinguished in the Rhizoctonia repens (P1). After cultivation in the greenhouse for eighteen months, the plant height, the number of shoots, the number of leaves, the number of roots and plant fresh weight of the hybrid of Cymbidium kanran Jeju${\times}$C. kanran Nangoku, inoculated with Rhizoctonia repens (P1), were significantly increased compared to those of the control. The plants inoculated with Rhizoctonia repens (P3) were not different and the plants inoculated with R. endophytica were poor compared to the control. The plant height and fresh weight of the Phalaenopsis, inoculated with Rhizoctonia repens (P1), increased significantly compared to those of the control. Overall, Rhizoctonia repens (P1), was the most effective for the growth of a hybrid of Cymbidium kanran Jeju${\times}$C. kanran Nangoku.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2014

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of bicarbonate ($HCO_3{^-}$) concentrations in nutrient solution on the growth and physiological disorders in mother plants and occurrence of daughter plants in propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.). To achieve this, the mother plants were transplanted to coir dust + perlite (7:3, v/v) medium and Hoagland solution was modified to contain 60, 90 (control), 120, 180, and $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of $HCO_3{^-}$. The symptoms of Fe, Zn and B deficiencies appeared on the mother plants in the $HCO_3{^-}$ of $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ from the 60th day after treatment. The symptoms spread to all plants in the $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ including daughter plants at 90 days after treatment. The$HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations higher than $120mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ suppressed the growth of mother plants such as leaf number, chlorophyll content, fresh weight and other growth parameters. While the mother plants in $60mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ produced 23 daughter plants, while mother plants in $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ produced 13 daughter plants. The final pH 126 days after treatment in the $HCO_3{^-}$ of 60, 90, 120, 180 and $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were 5.4, 5.8, 7.3, 7.9, and 8.3, respectively. The elevation of $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations in nutrient solution resulted in the decrease of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents of above ground tissue 126 days after treatment. These results indicate that the $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations higher than $120mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ inhibited the growth of mother plants and occurrence of daughter plants in vegetative propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.567-579
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• 2004

To investigate the spatial distribution and community structure of heterotrophic protists, we collected water samples at 23 stations of central Barents Sea in August, 2003. This study area was divided into three area with physico-chemical and chi-a distribution characteristics: Area I of warm Atlantic water mass, Area III of cold Arctic water mass and Area II of mixed water mass. Chl-a concentration ranged from 0.18 to $1.04{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ and was highest in Area I. The nano-sized chi-a accounted fur more than 80% of the total chi-a biomass in this study area. The contribution of nano-sized chi-a to total chi-a was higher in Area I than in Area II. Communities of heterotrophic protists were classified into three groups such as heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDF). During the study periods, carbon biomass of heterotrophic protists range from 11.3 to $38.7{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$ (average $21.0{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$), and were highest in Area I and were lowest in Area III. The biomass of ciliates ranged from 4.2 to $19.3{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$ and contributed 31.5-66.9% (average 48.1%) to the biomass of heterotrophic protists. Ciliates to heterotrophic protists biomass accounted fur more than 50% in Area I. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates biomass ranged from 5.7 to $18.4{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$ and contributed 27.1 to 56.3% (average 42.8%) of heterotrophic protists. Heterotrophic dinoflakellates to heterotrophic protists biomass accounted fur about 50% in Area III. Heterotrophic nanoflageltate biomass ranged from 0.5 to $3.4{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$ and contributed 3.2 to 19.6% (average 9.2%) of heterotrophic protists. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates to heterotrophic protists biomass accounted fur more than 10% in Area III. These results indicate that the relative importance and structure of heterotrophic protists may vary according to water mass. Heterotrophic protists and phytoplankton biomass showed strong positive correlation in the study area The results suggest that heterotrophic protists are important consumers of phytoplankton, and protists might play a pivotal role in organic carbon cycling In the pelagic ecosystem of this study area during the study period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.242-253
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes of guardians, and nutritional status of infants and toddlers as well as the relationships between these variables. Methods: The participants were selected among applicants for low-income family financing provided by the government and included 115 infants and toddlers as well as their guardians. Demographic data, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and nutrition intakes were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire, biochemical examination, and 24 Hour-Recall method. Results: The score for guardians' nutrition knowledge was 12.97 points of a possible 15, and the score for dietary attitudes was 53.38 points of a possible 75. The nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes showed significant differences by education level (p < 0.05) and family structure (p < 0.05). Energy intakes of subjects aged 6 ~ 24 months and over 25 months were lower than the DRI for Koreans. The intakes of carbohydrates, protein, and fat of subjects aged 6 ~ 24 months and over 25 months showed no significant differences by level of nutrition knowledge or dietary attitudes. The intake of Ca of subjects aged over 12 months showed significant differences by level of nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05). The intakes of Thiamin of subjects aged 6 ~ 11 months and P of subjects aged over 12 months showed significant differences by level of dietary attitudes (p < 0.05). There was a small positive correlation between education level and nutrition knowledge as well as between dietary attitudes. Nutrition knowledge showed a positive correlation with dietary attitudes. There was a positive correlation between nutrition knowledge and Ca, Riboflavin, as well as Vit C levels. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to consider an educational program for increasing the practical application of knowledge to nutrition management for improvement of nutrition intake in infants and toddlers.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of current study was to evaluate the validity of the existing radiological classifications as a diagnostic modality for predicting characteristics of calcific deposition in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder joint. For that purpose, we determined the inter-observer reliability for evaluating diagnostic precisions of the classification and also evaluated diagnostic accuracy of predicting the toothpaste type calcific deposition. Materials and Methods: We performed retrospective study with total 26 patients surgically treated with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder joint from March 2010 to October 2013. Two independent observers reviewed preoperative radiographs of shoulder joints, and classified the characteristics of calcific depositions according to the criteria of Gartner, DePalma and Patte. Cohen's kappa were calculated for each classifications to evaluate inter-observer reliability. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio were determined for type of calcific depositions with Gartner type III, DePalma type I, and Patte type II for predicting toothpaste type calcific deposition. Results: The values of Cohen's kappa were the highest in the classification of Patte, 0.62, and the values for the classifications of DePalma and Gartner were 0.56 and 0.36, respectively. The sensitivities for predicting toothpaste type calcific deposition in Gartner Type III, DePalma type I and Patte type II were 83.3%, 91.7%, and 58.3%, respectively. Specificities were 85.7% 50.0% and 64%, positive likelihood ratios were 5.833, 1.833 and 1.633, negative likelihood ratios were 0.194, 0.167 and 0.648, and diagnostic odds ratios were 30.00, 11.00 and 2.52, respectively. Conclusion: There were no radiologic classifications of calcific tendinitis which has both high precision and accuracy. Further studies with other diagnostic modalities such as ultrasonography are needed for predicting characteristics of calcific deposition in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder joint.