• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.116-122
• /
• 2017

Basic dyes such as malachite green and methylene blue have been used as disinfectants to control water fungal infections since the 1930s. However, after succeeding reports of carcinogenicity and bioaccumulation of the dye, their use was forbidden in lieu of public health. This study undertook to evaluate the therapeutic effect of sulfur solution processed by effective microorganisms (EM-PSS) against Saprolegnia parasitica infection, and its safety in fish. In vitro antifungal evaluation of EM-PSS inhibited the growth of S. parasitica mycelia at concentrations of 50 ppm or higher. The acute toxicity test of EM-PSS to the mud fish (Misgurnus mizolepis) measured a no effect concentration (NOEC) at 100 ppm, the lowest effect concentration (LOEC) at 125 ppm, and the half-lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) at 125 ppm in juvenile and 250 ppm in the immature stage. In addition, the ecotoxicity test of EM-PSS using Daphnia magna inhibited swimming of D. magna at concentrations of 100 ppm or less. Lastly, the EM-PSS prevented infection of S. parasitica to mud fish, at concentrations of 50 ppm. Furthermore, at 100 ppm concentration, the EM-PSS showed no acute toxicity on mud fish, nor any eco-toxic effects on D. magnano. Therefore, we conclude that carcinogenic disinfectants such as malachite green and methylene blue could be replaced by EM-PSS to remove S. parasitica in mud fish farming, and might be a potential eco-friendly disinfectant in aquaculture.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.180-197
• /
• 1999

Acute and subacute oral toxicity of $HELIKIT^{TM}$ ($^{13}C-urea$) were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sex. The toxicity of $HELIKIT^{TM}$ was compared with urea($^{12}C-urea$ which is used for control). In acute toxicity studies, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and pathological examination for 14 days after single oral administration of HELIKIT or urea($^{12}C-urea$) at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. The subacute oral toxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with $HELIKIT^{TM}$ at a dose of 40, 200 and 1,000 mg/kg/day or $^{12}C-urea$ at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. In acute toxicity studies, $HELIKIT^{TM}$ and urea did not show any toxic effect in rats and oral LD50 value was over 5,000 mg/kg rats. In subacute toxicity studies, no death occured and no drug-related changes were found in clinical observations; body weight, food consumption, opthalmoscopy. auditory test, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, gross pathological examination or organ weight between $HELIKIT^{TM}$, urea and control groups. In histopathological examinations, the slight thickening of mucosa of the limiting ridge in the stomach was noted in the animals treated with $HELIKIT^{TM}$ at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day and also the changes in urea group at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day was found, but all of these changes in the changes in ures group at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/days was found, but all of these changes in the stomach regressed after withdrawal of the test article for 2 weeks and reversibility of the effect was revealed. These results indicate that the non toxic dose level of $HELIKIT^{TM}$ was 1,000 mg/kg/day in the 4 weeks-repeated dose study, suggesting that the substitution of $^{13}C$ for carbon in urea molecule has no effect on the toxicity of urea and changes in stomach are reversible.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.189-199
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The marker substances of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture that may not be detected during the process of steaming remain controversial. We developed a combined cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture that contains all the marker substances. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the marker substances and test the toxicity of the combined cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture. Methods: The marker substances were detected using HPLC. Intravenous injection toxicity studies were conducted at Medvill, an authorized institution for non-clinical studies, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice. We observed survival rates, abnormal behaviors, weight changes, gross findings in autopsy, blood biochemical properties, and histological abnormalities of organs such as the liver and kidney. Results: HPLC data showed that ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, and Rg3 were detected at concentrations of 19.29, 47.64, and 3.02 μ g /ml, respectively. Administration of combined cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture resulted in no dead animals or significant toxicological changes. Conclusions: The combined cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture contains all the marker substances and is a relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the present findings.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.547-552
• /
• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of amitraz by a single subcutaneous dose in beagle dogs. The test chemical was administered subcutaneously to male beagle dogs at dose levels of 0, 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, hematology, serum biochemistry, and gross postmortem examinations were examined. A single dog in the 50 mg/kg group was found dead on day 3 after treatment and the other two dogs in the group were sacrificed because of the severe clinical signs on day 7 after treatment. Treatment related clinical signs, including anorexia, edema, mass and abscess formation in the injection sites, depression, vomiting, lacrimation, decreased locomotor activity, ataxia, recumbency, paresis in the limbs, and/or moribundity were observed in all treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. Decreased or suppressed body weight gain was also observed dose-dependently in all treated groups. In autopsy, dead animals in the 50 mg/kg group showed muscular hemorrhage and inflammation in the injection sites and congestion in the liver and kidney. The terminal sacrificed animals in the 10 mg/kg group also exhibited muscular hemorrhage and inflammation in the injection sites. Whereas, no treatment related effects on hematology and serum biochemistry were observed on day 14 after treatment at any dose tested. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a single subcutaneous injection of amitraz to beagle dogs resulted in increased incidence of abnormal clinical signs and death, decreased body weight, and increased incidence of abnormal gross findings. In the experimental conditions, the $LD_{50}$value of amitraz was 22.3 mg/kg (95% confidence limit not specified) and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be below 2 mg/kg for male dogs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2009

To assess the effect of butachlor on freshwater aquatic organisms, acute toxicity studies for algae, invertebrate and fishes were conducted. The algae grow inhibition studies were carried out to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly knows as Selenastrum capriconutum), Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly known as Scendusmus subspicatus), and Chlorella vulgaris during the exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of P. subcapitata, D. subspicatus, and C. vulgaris to butachlor, expressed in individual $ErC_{50}$ values were 0.002, 0.019, and $10.4mgL^{-1}$, respectively and NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, and $5.34mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. P. subcapitata was more sensitive than any other algae species. Butachlor has very high toxicity to the algae, such as P. subcapitata and D. subspicatu. In the acute immobilisation test for Daphnia magna, the 24 and $48h-EC_{50}$ values were 2.55 and $1.50mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. As the results of the acute toxicity test on Cyprinus carpio, Oryzias latipes and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, the $96h-LC_{50}s$ were 0.62, 0.41 and $0.24mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The following ecological risk assessment of butachlor was performed on the basis of the toxicological data of algae, invertebrate and fish and exposure concentrations in rice paddy, drain and river. When a butachlor formulation is applied in rice paddy field according to label recommendation, the measured concentration of butachlor in paddy water was $0.41mg\;L^{-1}$ and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of butachlor in drain water was $0.03 mg\;L^{-1}$. Residues of butachlor detected in major rivers between 1997 and 1998 were ranged from $0.0004mg\;L^{-1}$ to $0.0029mg\;L^{-1}$. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) of algae in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.004, 0.05 and 0.36, respectively and indicated that butachlor has a risk to algae in rice paddy, drain and river. On the other hand, TERs of invertebrate in rice paddy, drain and river were 3.6, 50 and 357, respectively, well above 2, indicating no risk to invertebrate. TERs of fish in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.58, 8 and 57, respectively. The TERs for fish indicated that butachlor poses a risk to fish in rice paddy but has no risk to fish in agricultural drain and river. In conclusion, butachlor has a minimal risk to algae in agricultural drain and river exposed from rice drainage but has no risk to invertebrate and fish.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.867-870
• /
• 2001

All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) plays essential roles in the regulation of differentiation and proliferation. It has been proved that RA is effective in the treatments of epithelial and hematologic malignancies. However, in spite of its pronounced effects, the clinical applications of RA are limited due to the retinoid acute resistance. Although RA induces complete remission in a high proportion of the patients of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the cancer was relapsed in many patients after a brief remission in spite of a continued RA treatment. Patients who relapsed from remission that was initially induced by RA had clinically resistant to further RA treatment. That is, specific cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver were induced by the continuous oral administration of RA, thereby accelerating the metabolism of RA. To overcome this problem, biodegradable microspheres were proposed by us, previously. And, several microsphere formulations for RA delivery have been prepared and studied on their effectiveness. Recently, poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) microsphere formulation was optimized, And, from the animal studies by using a mouse and a rat, it have appeared to be effective on both the inhibition of tumor growth and chemoprevention of a carcinogenesis. In this study, subacute toxicities of the PDLLA microsphere formulation have been investigated as a preclinical test. For the test, the microspheres was injected subcutaneously into the back site of rats, and body weight change, clinical signs, hematological changes, blood biochemistry were evaluated. As a result, severe toxicities such as mortality were observed at the dose of 100mg RA/kg, and toxicities were not observed at the dose of 50mg RA/kg, which is the effective dose against carcinogenesis. Bone fracture, observed at several rats, might be inhibited by treating them with anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.343-348
• /
• 2006

To investigate the immunostimulating and anticancer activities from hot water extract of Capsosiphon fulvescens, tumor cell toxicity, sarcoma-180 growth inhibition activity, complement system-activity, intestinal immune system and oral toxicity were performed. The extract of Capsosiphon fulvescens was prepared by hot water and precipitated by using ethanol. Partially purified extract (CFE) was obtained after dialysis and ultrafiltration. The polysaccharide compositions consisted of xylose(19.1%), fucose(15.3%), mannose(4.2%) and galactose(7.9%). The tumor cell toxicity of CFE slightly showed at high concentrations of 10-30 ${\mu}g/ml$, but inhibition ratio against mouse solid tumor was more increased for CFE of 40.1-59.4% than the control. Blood leukocyte counts increased to a maximum of 83% including liver, spleen and thymic of mouse. Immunoglobulin A binding amounts showed a high level of CFE of $2,454{\pm}113.8-2,670{\pm}133.1{\mu}g/mg$ in comparison with the control of $2,092{\pm}123.0{\mu}g/mg$. Acute toxicity of CFE was not detected at the concentration of 2,000 mg/kg in normal mouse.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.488-495
• /
• 1997

The effects of ammonia on survival and growth of the flounder larva, Paralichthys olivaceus, were examined by a static renewal bioassay method. The $96\;hr-LC_{50}$ with the developmental stages during the period from 1day to 23 day-old larvae ranged 0.273 to 1.023 mg $NH_3/\ell$. Tolerance of the larvae to ammonia toxicity was much sensitive at the early larval stage, and increased with the growth of the larvae. Threshold $96hr-LC_{50}$ in 1, 3 and S day-old larvae after hatching were 0.293, 0.248 and 0.379 mg $NH_3/\ell$, respectively. Survival rate and growth in body weight and body weight of the larva were reduced with increase of ammonia concentration in the range of 0.055 and 0.341 mg $NH_3/\ell$. The no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observable- effect concentration (LOEC) of the flounder larve were 0.102 and 0.174 mg $NH_3/\ell$ for body length, and 0.151 and 0.198 mg $NH_3/\ell$ for body weight, respectively. Chronic value (ChV), which is the geometric mean of the NOEC and $NH_3/\ell$ to body length of the larvae were 0.124 mg $NH_3/\ell$. The coefficient of variation (CV) for body length was higher at high concentration than at low concentration.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.135-140
• /
• 2002

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been demonstrated to be effective against algae that cause red tides. To secure the environmental safety of this chemical for practical use, toxic effects of NaOCl were evaluated in two important aquaculture fishes, flounder and rockfish. At concentrations above 2.5 and 5 ppm for 1 hr, mortality occurred in flounder and rockfish, respectively. Flounder, however, did not die at 2 ppm up to an 8 hr exposure, nor did lipid peroxide level change at the same concentration in 1 hr. Plasma glucose level significantly increased in 1 hr with more than 2 ppm exposure. The results indicate that NaOCl may not induce persistent severe toxicity in flounder and rockfish at the algicidal concentration, 0.5 ppm.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.159-163
• /
• 2006

Objectives : The subacute toxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats orally treated with Dangguibohyel-tang (DBT). DBT has been used for anemia, in Korean medicine. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally with DBT at the dosages of 1,000 mg/kg for 14 days. We daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings during the 14 days. Results : There were no clinical signs and pathological changes compared with control group. Body weights were not significantly changed between control and treatment groups. In hematological and biochemical serum parameters, all mean values appear to be within the normal range. Conclusion : These results suggest that DBT dose not induce any significant subacute oral toxicities in Sprague-Dawley rats.