• Bangmulgwan gwa yeongu (The National Museum of Korea Journal)
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• v.1
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• pp.198-233
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• 2024

On April 28, 2021, the bereaved family of the late Samsung Group chairman Lee Kun-Hee made a gift of 9,797 items (in 21,693 pieces) from his estate to the National Museum of Korea. Among the donated cultural heritage are 535 mirrors (in 555 pieces), which constitute the largest proportion of the metal art in the donation. This article discusses a group of mirrors from the donated collection dating to the Western Han and Samhan periods - a total of twenty-three mirrors (twenty-two from the Western Han Dynasty and one from the Samhan Period) - that are presumed to have been found together. However, there is no known case of such a large number of Western Han mirrors being discovered together, raising doubts about whether this group should be considered to have been buried all together. Furthermore, the presence of a Samhan mirror among the group suggests that this one at least must have been found together with a Western Han mirror. Additionally, considering that early Samhan mirrors have been found in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula, particularly in the region occupied by Jinhan Confederacy (in present-day Gyeongsangbuk-do Province), it is likely that these mirrors were also excavated somewhere in Jinhan. Also, -18 is a repurposed imitation of a jade eye cover. No similar examples have been found in Korea, China, or Japan, but there are instances of bronze mirrors being used as substitutes for jade burial ornaments that have been identified in China. The repurposing and use of Western Han mirrors as circular ornaments have been observed only in Jinhan in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, indicating that this item was likely used in Jinhan as well. Further research and discoveries are anticipated in the future.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.23
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• pp.71-90
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• 2020

The scientific analysis of a 'F-51D Mustang Fighter'(Registered Cultural Heritage 666), one of the War Memorial of Korean collections, was carried out. The paint layer and canopy were discolored due to a constant outdoor exhibit. The results obtained through the scientific survey and analysis processes were intended to be used as basic data for the future dismantling and restoration of the fighter. The analysis results for the pigment components have confirmed red oxide of iron, Fe₂O₃ organic pigments, such as Cobalt Blue, phthalocyanine blue, etc., yellow PbCrO₄, white TiO₂, black Fe₃O₄, and gray Fe₃O₄ + TiO₂. It has been also confirmed that Alkyd resin was mainly used for painting. The fighter's canopy was Poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA), and Al was detected as the main component of the fighter body, wings, and tails.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.137-145
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• 2015

This study aimed to develop epoxy putty as a multi-purpose connection and restoration material that can be used for material-specific restoration work such as metal, wood, ceramics, earthenware and stone artifacts by replacing synthetic resins currently being used for preservation treatment of cultural assets. Existing synthetic resins have the issue of cutting force resulting from high strength, deflection resulting from long hardening time, contaminating the surface of artifacts through staining on tools or gloves and need for re-treatment resulting from material discoloration. Accordingly, paste type restoration material most widely being used in the field of cultural assets preservation treatment was selected and examined the property to select it as an object of comparison. Based on such process, epoxy putty was developed according to the kind of agent, hardener and filler. For the purpose of solving the issues of existing material and allowing the epoxy putty developed to have similar property, property experiments were conducted by selecting agents and hardeners with different characteristics and conditions. The study findings showed that both kinds are paste type that improved work convenience and deflection issue as a result of their work time of within 5~10 minutes that are about 3~10 times shorter than that of existing material. In regards to wear rate for increasing cutting force, it improved by about 3 times, thereby allowing easy molding. For the purpose of improving the issue of surface contamination that occurs during work process, talc and micro-ballon were added as filler to reduce the issue of stickiness and staining on hand. Furthermore, a multi-purpose restoration material with low shrinkage, low discoloration and high cutting force was developed with excellent coloring, lightweight and cutting force features.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.597-598
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• 2013

A lot of fire and crime accidents are caused to a significant national loss. For example, the network and power facilities in national industry facilities, the fire risk region in large scale factories such as nuclear and thermal power plants, large-sized buildings, cultural properties, metal and steel mills, chemical plants, oil refineries. The development of a fire detection system that can detects the temperature and movement of objects as high-level quality is essential to prevent these incidents and accidents fundamentally. In this paper, the fire detection system based on infrared thermal imaging & CCD camera id designed to solve these problems.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 2015

The experiment attempts to find out the effect of the mixture of the antimicrobial agent and insecticide on metallic material including Silver(99.9%), Copper(99.9%), Lead(99.9%) and Iron(99.5%) by Oddy test. The mixtures of the antimicrobial agent and insecticide were prepared in 60ml; with the standard concentration of 17.5% in B77 Essential oil mixture, one for mixture of concentration of ${\pm}1{\sim}2%$ and insect repellent material; the other for mixture of low concentration and antimicrobial agent(BS-2 and BS-3) material. After Oddy test, we investigated the variation in the surface of the samples by visual inspection, weighing, color measurement and SEM-EDS analysis. The result showed that Lead had the biggest change in the surface, and Copper had the biggest change in the color. In addition, changes in the samples before and after the experiment were found to be greatest at concentration of 19% of Essential oil mixture of the antimicrobial agent and insecticide. Also, B78 Essential oil mixture produce change in samples. It means when the concentration of oil mixture rises, the variation of the samples gets bigger. And, the low concentration of mixture including B77 Essential oil mixture and B78 Essential oil mixture also produce big change in the samples. However, the low concentration of B77 Essential oil mixture that do not contain B78 Essential oil mixture was able to confirm that the change of the surface is not large.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.240-251
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• 2019

This study examined the manufacturing technology used for the flat iron axes excavated from Ulsan Hadae. Their microstructures were analyzed using metallurgical methods. In addition, a variety of manufacturing technologies were examined and compared using existing research materials on flat iron axes. As a result of analyzing ten flat iron axes, which were excavated in the order that they were laid out in a row in one of the wooden coffin tombs at Ulsan Hadae, Tomb No. 44, it was possible to classify the flat iron axe manufacturing technology and system into three types: 'pure iron - shape processing', 'pure iron - shape processing - carburizing', and 'pure iron - shape processing - carburizing - decarburizing.' All of the flat iron axes were produced by forging, and most of them were made by beating the pure iron into their shapes. In particular, a number of the flat iron axes were reinforced through a carburizing process after shaping the iron. This appears as steel products forming the basis of the steel industry at the time were commonly used as an intermediary material or currency. On the other hand, it was commonly found in all samples that the hardening was not performed after shaping or carburizing. Since the microstructure of the flat iron axes made of pure iron contained a large number of impure inclusions and the result of analyzing the components of the non-metal inclusions showed characteristics of slag which contains a mixture of glass phase and wustite, it is possible that low-temperature reduction was used in the refining process.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.62-78
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• 2023

The act of burning incense originated from Buddhist rituals and customs, and gradually formed its own culture. In the Goryeo Dynasty, in addition to religious and national rituals, incense came to be enjoyed more generally and widely. In particular, Goryeo literati enjoyed the elegant lifestyle of staying home and burning incense. This was part of a regional culture shared across East Asia. Such incense burning applied the same methods as were used during the same period in China. In collections of writings from the Goryeo Dynasty, it can be seen that incense methods such as gyeok-hwa-hoon-hyang (隔火熏香) and jeon-hyang (篆香) were used. A particular method of incense influenced the size and shape of the incense burner utilized. Small incense burners suitable for simple everyday incense were used, such as the hyangwan (香垸), a cup (wine glass)-shaped burner. White porcelain incense burners from Song were discovered in Gaegyeong, and celadon incense burners from Goryeo were made in the same shape. This phenomenon shows that there was great demand for ceramic incense burners in Goryeo in the 12th and 13th centuries. During this period, incense burners that imitated metalware were produced, and some applied the techniques and patterns of Goryeo celadon. The Goryeo Dynasty-era incense burner was basically a necessity for use in various rituals, but gradually came to be widely used also by individuals.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1987

Cellulolytic mocrooganisms were isolated from the cellulose-cultural properties. Among them, Aspergillus clavatus with the highest cellulase activity was identified by the morphological characteristics and it's enzyme activities were compared on the various cultural conditions. It was found that the induction of carboxymethylcellulase(CMCase), avicelase and salicinase in CMC liquid media showed the highest enzyme acitivity on five day's cultivation at $30^{\circ}C$ and thereafter their activities were gradually decreased with time. After crude extracellular enzymes precipitated with the 70% saturated ammonium sulfate solution were dialyzed with 20 mM acetate buffer pH 6.0, each crude enzyme was examined. The optimal activities of CMCase and avicelase were both found to be at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. Their thermal stability was appeared at the $50^{\circ}C$. CMCase and avicelase had the maxima activities with 1.5% and 2.2% substrate concentration, respectively. The concentration of 5 mM $Mg^{++}$ or $Ca^{++}$ was found to have a maximum cellulase activity and its activity was inhibited with more than 5 mM $Cu^{++}$ and $Zn^{++}$ concentration. Cellulase activity was also inhibited sensitively by the inhibitors such as 2-mercaptoethanol, iodine and sodium azide.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.429-436
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• 2010

Dyestuffs extracted from fifteen kinds of natural dyeing materials were researched on their antimicrobial performance against 3 kinds of bacteria and 2 kinds of fungi in order to develop conservation/storage materials of traditional and natural dyed papers. The three types of mordants were evaluated by using the same method and then mixed with the dyestuffs to research their antimicrobial performance. With those results, dyed paper was made by mixing mordants with 9 kinds of dyestuffs with excellent antimicrobial performance. Among the dyed papers, Cotinus coggygria, Coptis chinensis, Phellodendri amurense, Rhus javanica and Acer ginnala multiple mordant papers were found to have an antibacterial quality against fungi, while, in the insect repellent experiment using termites, Coptis chinensis and Phellodendri amurense dyed papers were found to have insect repellent qualities. Also, with regard to the research result about the affect of dyeing paper on other materials like metal, Coptis chinensis have relatively stable qualities. Also, the three types of dyeed paper by Cotinus coggygria, Coptis chinensis and Phellodendri amurense, were found to have a tendency to remove harmful gases. Not only can these dyed papers be used for making storage box for cultural properties to prevent various organic artifacts from bio-damaging, but they can also be utilized as functional finishing materials in various spaces.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.89-98
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• 2011

It is quite difficult to identify its corrosion compound because they have a wide variety of crystal structures and they are mixed with two component. This study was conducted with the standard iron corrosion compounds through the analysis by Raman Micro-Spectroscopy, which aims to obtain standard Raman Data. To assess the reliability of standard iron corrosion compounds, SEM-EDS analysis and XRD analysis were conducted. Through SEM-EDS analysis, the elements of corrosion compound matched with those of standards iron corrosion compounds except Goethite. XRD analysis showed that the structures of corrosion compounds were identical to those of standard iron corrosion compounds, however, it was identified that Iron sulfate ($FeSO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$) is the Rozenite ($FeSO_4{\cdot}4H_2O$). Through Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis, the new peak was detected from the wavenumbers of hydroxide and iron oxide. It is considered that it is due to changes in the wavelength of the laser. As the wavenumbers of iron chloride and iron sulfate have been identified, eight kinds of Raman Data were obtained. It can be considered to contribute to cultral heritage for iron objects that Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis which is relatively easy to compare material properties and structures can be highly applicable to the research on cultural heritage with the limited amount of samples.