• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.68 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 1985

This study was carried out to compare the diameter increment of Pinus densiflora for.erecta, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, Abies holophylla and Abies koreana growing in middle area of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) The difference in annual diameter increment among five species according to D.B.H classes showed to be the strongest in Pinus koraiensis the second rank Larix leptolepis, the third rank Pinus densiflora erecta, the fourth rank Abies holophylla and the weakest in Abies koreana. 2) It was inferred that when the D.B.H of Pinus densiflora for.erecta comes to 95cm, Pinus koraiensis 80cm, Larix leptolepis 80cm, Abies holophylla 140cm and Abies koreana 85cm respectively, their diameter do not increase. 3) Total D.B.H increment among five species according to tree age classes were ranked as follows; Larix leptolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus derasiflora for.erecta, Abies holophylla and Abies koreana. 4) It was inferred that when the age of Pinus densiflora for.erecta comes to 200yrs, Pinus koraiensis 120yrs, Larix leptolepis 120yrs, Abies holophylla 260yrs and Abies koreana 300yrs respectively, their diameter do not increase. 5) Abies koreana showed the lowest diameter increment in comparison with other four species, while diameter increment in Abies holophylla and Abies koreana decreased in later age than other species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.266-274
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• 1995

Vegetational data from 62 quadrats of Pinus densiflora for. erecta and Chunyang-type of Pines densiflora forests were analyzed by using two multivariate methods : TWo-way INdicator Species ANalysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA) for ordination. The dominant tree species of Pinus densiflora for. erecta communities were found in the order of Pines densiflora for. erecta, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Rhus trichocapa. The dominant tree species of Chunyang -type of Pinus densiflora communities were Quercue variabilis. Quercue mongolica, Fraxiraus sieboldiana, Styrax obassia, and Quercus serrata. The forest vegetation of Pinus densiflora was classified into Quercars variabilis-Styrax obassia. Quercus variabilis Quercus variabilis-Quercus mongolica, and Quercue mongolica communities according to TWINSPAN. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community was distributed in the good nutrition area of total nitrogen. organic matter, $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}+}$, $Mg^{{+}+}$, and canon exchange capacity, while Chunyang type of Pinus densiflora community in the good nutrition area of $P_2O_5$. The relationship between the distribution of dominant communities for forest vegetation and soil condition in Pinus densiflora communities was investigated by analysing the elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica community was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area of total nitrogen, organic matter, and ration exchange capacity, while Quercus variabilis community was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen, organic matter, and ration exchange capacity. Quercus variabilis Styrax obassia and Quercus variabilis-Quercus mongolica community was distributed en the medium elevation and medium nutrition area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 2020

Extreme weather events, such as heat and drought, have occurred frequently over the past two decades. This has led to continuous reports of cases of forest damage due to physiological stress, not pest damage. In 2014, pine trees were collectively damaged in the forest genetic resources reserve of Sogwang-ri, Uljin, South Korea. An investigation was launched to determine the causes of the dieback, so that a forest management plan could be prepared to deal with the current dieback, and to prevent future damage. This study aimedto 1) understand the topographic and structural characteristics of the area which experienced pine tree dieback, 2) identify the main causes of the dieback, and 3) predict future risk areas through the use of machine-learning techniques. A model for identifying risk areas was developed using 14 explanatory variables, including location, elevation, slope, and age class. When three machine-learning techniques-Decision Tree, Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied to the model, RF and SVM showed higher predictability scores, with accuracies over 93%. Our analysis of the variable set showed that the topographical areas most vulnerable to pine dieback were those with high altitudes, high daily solar radiation, and limited water availability. We also found that, when it came to forest stand characteristics, pine trees with high vertical stand densities (5-15 m high) and higher age classes experienced a higher risk of dieback. The RF and SVM models predicted that 9.5% or 115 ha of the Geumgang Pine Forest are at high risk for pine dieback. Our study suggests the need for further investigation into the vulnerable areas of the Geumgang Pine Forest, and also for climate change adaptive forest management steps to protect those areas which remain undamaged.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.441-445
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• 2005

Researches on estimating national-scaled forest biomass are being carried out to quantify the carbon stock of forests with the Kyoto Protocol. In general, estimates of national-scaled forest biomass are based on forest inventory data which provides estimates of forest area, stem volume, and growth of stem by age classes. Estimates of forest biomass are, however, obtained by converting stem volumes to dry weight with stem density and thereafter to whole tree biomass with biomass expansion factors (ratios of whole tree dry weight to stem dry weight). Pinus densiflora is widely distributed and one of the most economically important timber species in Korea. The species are largely grouped into two ecotypes of Geumgang and Jungbu. Stems of Geumgang type trees are straight and high compared to those of Jungbu type trees. The objective of this study was to determine and compare stem density and biomass expansion factors fore two ecotypes of Pinus densiflora according to stand age. Stem density of both ecotypes of Pinus densora increased and biomass expansion factors of them decreased with increasing tree age. In he same age class, stem density and biomass expansion factor of Geungang type Pinus densiflora were lower than those of Jungbu type Pinus densiflora. There were statistically significant differences in stem density and biomass expansion factors between Geumgang type and Jungbu type Pinus densiflora in 0-20-year-old stands and 40-60-year-old stands. Our results suggested that the reliability of the national forest biomass inventory could be improved by applying the ecotype- and age-dependent stem density and biomass expansion factors.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

This study was conducted to distribution characteristic of root diameter class between natural and planted stands of one-age class in Pinus densiflora for. eracta in Gangwon. Root development presented that 0.5-2.0 mm diameter class was large part in total root number and length but 0.5-2.0 mm diameter class have a low distribution in each stand. Below 5.0 mm diameter class between natural and planted stands observed outstanding natural stand more than planted stand, but reverse over 5.0 mm diameter class. Root development depending on soil level of vertical and horizontal was presented various natural stand more than planted stand because root distribution of planted stand was concentrated low soil level in 10 cm of soil depth and 20 cm of soil horizontal layer. We can understand that the root distribution presented different between natural and planted stand, therefore this result can used as a basic information for correct of outplanting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.543-548
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• 1998

Portions of chloroplast genes(psbD and rbcL) were amplified from Pinus thunbergii(Japanese black pine : black pine) and Pinus densiflora(Japanese red pine : red pine) by PCR and digested by a restriction enzyme, HaeIII, respectively. Two species specific cpDNA markers were identified. With the observed cpDNA markers, paternal inheritance of cpDNA in pine hybrids was verified in an artificial hybrid family between black pine(Chollanam 37) and red pine(Chungchongbuk 3). On the basis of paternal inheritance of chloroplast genome in a hybrid, 2 portions of cpDNA amplified from 115 individuals of Pinus densiflora for. erecta were screened to detect any traces of black pine specific cpDNA markers in P. densiflora for. erecta which has been postulated as an introgressive hybrid between red pine and black pine(Hyun el al., 1967). All the analyzed individuals of Pinus densiflora for. erects revealed the identical profiles of HaeIII digested psbD and rbcL genes to red pine. This result suggests that there is no introduced chloroplast genome of black pine in Pinus densiflora for. erecta and that there is no concrete evidence of treating P. densiflora for, erecta as an introgressive hybrid between red pine(♀) and black pine(♂).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.3
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• pp.526-537
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• 2012

The study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Mt. Guryong which is located in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do province. 72 plots(quadrat) were investigated from July to August in 2010 using phytosociological analysis methodology of Z-M schools. The forest vegetation of the study area was classified as Quercus mongolica community group that was further divided into 5 communities; Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, Acer mono community, Quercus mongolica typical community, Larix leptolepis community and Pinus koraiensis community. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community was subdivided into Quercus variabilis group and Pinus densiflora for. erecta typical group. Acer mono community was also subdivided into Prunus maackii group and Deutzia glabrata group. The vegetation of the study areas could be described as 1 community group, 5 communities and 4 groups and 7 units in total. Classified vegetation units were highly correlated with altitude and topography. It was considered that forest tending operations for maintaining need to be continuously practiced for Quercus spp. with highly relative dominance value in the Pinus densiflora for. erecta community (vegetation units 1, 2).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

The Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin has traditionally been a pine tree protection area (prohibited forest) for timber production purposes, and is now designated and managed as a protected area for forest genetic resource conservation by the Korea Forest Service. This study, we analyzed topographical characteristics, existing vegetation, tree age, and plant community structure, and proposed a sustainable management method for the Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin for timber havesting purposes. The topographical characteristics of the target area were 36.7% ridges and 38.7% valleys; the ratio of ridges to valleys was similar, and the slopes formed 24.7% of the total area. The types of pine forest communities are divided into six types based on the progress of pine forest renewal, the competition with other species such as deciduous broadleaf trees, and the formation of layered structures. It has been confirmed that the age of the large-diameter pine trees (40~60cm in diameter) is approximately 60~70 years, which is relatively low. As a result of the analysis of the relative importance percentage and layered structure, differences depended on the progress of the pine forest renewal project, and not only the maintenance of the pine forest, but also the creation of a secondary growth forest, the density adjustment of pine trees, and the active management of competitive trees. The average basal area by the community was 12,642.1~25,424.4cm² for the tree layer and 1.8~1,956.5cm² for the low tree layer based on a quadrat of 400m². The difference in the basal area appeared to depend on the size and number of trees forming the tree layer and the degree of pine forest renewal (the degree of time elapsed after thinning pine trees). The average number of species that appeared in each community was 8.7-20.3; there were many species located in valleys, and the type competes with deciduous broadleaf trees due to the lack of management. The diversity of species ranged from 0.6915-1.0942, and was evaluated as low compared to pine communities in central temperate zones. In this paper, we determined the management goals of Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin to produce timber with high economic value, and suggested efficient vegetation management for continuous afforestation, the establishment of a timber production system, and improvement of wood production as a management direction.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2014

We investigated the mechanical properties of Korean red pine (Geumgangsong, Pinus densiflora forma erecta Uyeki) of Uljin province in Korea as a basic research to investigated the material properties. Compressive strength of Korean red pine was $36.2N/mm^2$, which was slightly lower than the pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) in Korea. The compressive strength of Korean red pine showed the maximum value at a distance of 60 mm from the pith. Bending strength of Korean red pine was $76.5N/mm^2$, which was slightly higher than the pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) and nut pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Korea. Similar to the compressive strength, bending strength of Korean red pine showed the maximum value at a distance of 60 mm from the pith. On the other hand, the shearing strength showed the maximum value at part of including the pith. This result does not coincide with the results of compressive and bending strength, in consideration of the specific gravity, which is consistent. Surface hardness of Korean red pine was $43.7N/mm^2$ in cross section, $12.0N/mm^2$ in radial section and $13.7N/mm^2$ in tangential section respectively. The mechanical properties of Korean red pine were similar to the pine and nut pine having a similar specific gravity. The mechanical properties were greatly affected on the specific gravity than the annual ring width.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.114-117
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• 2002