Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2020.109.3.259

Risk Assessment of Pine Tree Dieback in Sogwang-Ri, Uljin  

Kim, Eun-Sook (Division of Forest Ecology and Climate Change, National Institute of Forest Science)
Lee, Bora (Division of Forest Ecology and Climate Change, National Institute of Forest Science)
Kim, Jaebeom (Research Institute for Gangwon)
Cho, Nanghyun (Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University)
Lim, Jong-Hwan (Division of Forest Ecology and Climate Change, National Institute of Forest Science)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science / v.109, no.3, 2020 , pp. 259-270 More about this Journal
Abstract
Extreme weather events, such as heat and drought, have occurred frequently over the past two decades. This has led to continuous reports of cases of forest damage due to physiological stress, not pest damage. In 2014, pine trees were collectively damaged in the forest genetic resources reserve of Sogwang-ri, Uljin, South Korea. An investigation was launched to determine the causes of the dieback, so that a forest management plan could be prepared to deal with the current dieback, and to prevent future damage. This study aimedto 1) understand the topographic and structural characteristics of the area which experienced pine tree dieback, 2) identify the main causes of the dieback, and 3) predict future risk areas through the use of machine-learning techniques. A model for identifying risk areas was developed using 14 explanatory variables, including location, elevation, slope, and age class. When three machine-learning techniques-Decision Tree, Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied to the model, RF and SVM showed higher predictability scores, with accuracies over 93%. Our analysis of the variable set showed that the topographical areas most vulnerable to pine dieback were those with high altitudes, high daily solar radiation, and limited water availability. We also found that, when it came to forest stand characteristics, pine trees with high vertical stand densities (5-15 m high) and higher age classes experienced a higher risk of dieback. The RF and SVM models predicted that 9.5% or 115 ha of the Geumgang Pine Forest are at high risk for pine dieback. Our study suggests the need for further investigation into the vulnerable areas of the Geumgang Pine Forest, and also for climate change adaptive forest management steps to protect those areas which remain undamaged.
Keywords
pinus densiflora; climate change; dieback; machine learning; adaptation;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Beven, K.J. and Kirkby, M.J. 1979. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Science Bulletin 24(1): 43-69.   DOI
2 Bottero, A., D'Amato, A.W., Palik, B.J., Bradford, J.B., Fraver, S., Battaglia, M.A. and Asherin, L.A. 2017. Densitydependent vulnerability of forest ecosystems to drought. Journal of Applied Ecology 54: 1605-1614.   DOI
3 Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A. and Stone, C.J. 1984. Classification and regression trees. Monterey, CA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software.
4 Cortes, C. and Vapnik, V. 1995. Support-vector networks. Machine Learning 20(3): 273.   DOI
5 Fawcett, T. 2006. An Introduction to ROC Analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters 27(8): 861-874.   DOI
6 Greenwood, S., Ruiz‐Benito, P., Martinez‐Vilalta, J., Lloret, F., Kitzberger, T., Allen, C.D. and Kraft, N.J. 2017. Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area. Ecology Letter 2: 539-553.
7 Halofsky, J.E. and Peterson, D.L. 2016. Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Options for Forest Vegetation Management in the Northwestern USA. Atmosphere 7(46): 1-14.
8 Ho, T.K. 1995. Random Decision Forests. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Montreal, QC, 14-16 August 1995. pp. 278-282.
9 Jeong, J.H., Won, H.K. and Kim, I.H. 2004. Forest Site in Korea -Forest Soil-. NIFoS. pp. 621.
10 Jung, H.S. 2018. Improved the Stand Structure Map for Pinus densiflora Areas in Sogwang-ri, Ul-Jin based on Airborne LiDAR. NIFoS. pp. 102.
11 Kim, E.S., Lee, J.S., Kim, J., Lim, J.H. and Lee, J.S. 2016. Conservation and management of Korean pine forest. NIFoS. pp. 22.
12 Kim, J., Kim, E.S. and Lim, J.H. 2017. Topographic and Meteorological Characteristics of Pinus densiflora Tree Dieback in Sogwang-Ri, Uljin. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 19(1): 10-18.   DOI
13 Klein, T. and Hartmann, H. 2019. Climate change drives tree mortality. Science 362(6416): 758.
14 Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., Stinson, G., Rampley, G.J., Neilson, E.T., Carroll, A.L., Ebata, T. and Safranyik, L. 2008. Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature 452: 987-990.   DOI
15 Li, M., Im, J. and Beier, C. 2013. Machine learning approaches for forest classification and change analysis using multi-temporal Landsat TM images over Huntington Wildlife Forest. GIScience & Remote Sensing 50(4): 361-384.   DOI
16 Lim, J.H., Kim, E.S., Lee, B., Kim, S.H. and Chang, G.C. 2017. An analysis of the hail damages to Korean forests in 2017 by meteorology, species and topography. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 19(4): 280-292.   DOI
17 Mobbertin, M., Mayer, P., Wohlgemuth, T., Feldmeyer-Christe, E., Graf, U., Zimmermann, N.E. and Rigling, A. 2005. The decline of Pinus sylvestris L. Forests in the Swiss Rhone Valley - a Result of Drought Stress?. Phyton 45(4): 153-156.
18 Nagel, L.M., Palik, B.J., Battaglia, M.A., D'Amato, A.W., Guldin, J.M., Swanston, C.W., Janowiak, M.K., Powers, M.P., Joyce, L.A., Millar, C.I., Peterson, D.L., Ganio, L.M., Kirschbaum, C. and Roske, M.R. 2017. Adaptive silviculture for climate change: A national experiment in managerscientist partnerships to apply an adaptation framework. Journal of Forestry 115(3): 167-178.   DOI
19 NIFoS (National Institute of Forest Science). 2009. Causes and future outlook of Korean red pine dieback. NIFoS. pp. 21.
20 Oh, H.J. 2010. Landslide detection and landslide susceptibility mapping using aerialphotos and artificial neural networks. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 26(1): 47-57.
21 Rowland, L., da Costa, A.C.L., Galbraith, D.R., Oliveira, R.S., Binks, O.J., Oliveira, A.A.R., Pullen, A.M., Doughty, C.E., Metcalfe, D.B., Vasconcelos, S.S., Ferreira, L.V., Malhi, Y., Grace, J., Mencuccini, M. and Meir, P. 2015. Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation. Nature 528: 119-121.   DOI
22 Ryo, M., and Rillig, M.C. 2017. Statistically reinforced machine learning for nonlinear patterns and variable interactions. Ecosphere 8(11)d: e01976.   DOI
23 Seo, M.G. 2014. Data processing and analysis using R. Publisher Gilbut. pp. 580.
24 Stockwell, D.R.B. and Peterson, A.T. 2002. Effects of sample size on accuracy of species distribution models. Ecological Modelling 148(1): 1-13.   DOI
25 Thessen, A. 2016. Adoption of machine learning techniques in ecology and earth science. One Ecosystem 1(2): e8621.   DOI
26 Allen, C.D., Macalady, A.K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., Breshears, D.D., Hogg, E.H., Gonzalez, P., Fensham, R., Zhang, Z., Castro, J., Demidova, N., Lim, J.-H., Allard, G., Running, S.W., Semerci, A. and Cobb, N. 2010. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259(4): 660-684.   DOI
27 Allen-Reid, D., Anhold, J., Cluck, D., Eager, T., Mask, R., McMillin, J., Munson, S., Negron, J., Rogers, T., Ryerson, D., Smith, E., Smith, S., Steed, B. and Thier, R. 2008. Pinon pine mortality event in the Southwest: An update for 2005. U.S. Forest Service.
28 Ye, H., Beamish, R.J., Glaser, S.M., Grant, S.C., Hsieh, C.H., Richards, L.J., Schnute, J.T. and Sugihara, G. 2015. Equation-free mechanistic ecosystem forecasting using empirical dynamic modeling. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences 112(13): E1569-E1576.   DOI
29 Cohen, J. 1960. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20(1): 37-46.   DOI
30 USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2018. Southwestern region arizona forest health 2018. ArgGIS MapJournal.
31 Zhang, J., Finley, K.A., Johnson, N.G. and Ritchie, M.W. 2019. Lowering stand density enhances resiliency of ponderosa pine forests to disturbances and climate change. Forest Science 65(4): 496-507.   DOI
32 Bae, S.W., Lee, C.Y., Park, B.W., Hong, S.C., Kim, I.S., Han, S.U., Hong, K,N., Lee, S.W., Cho, K.H., Hwang, J.H., Lee, S.T., Kim, K.H., Moon, I.S., Son, Y.M., Cheon, C.H., Park, J.H., Ka, K.H., Lee, H.J., Park, M.J., Kim, C.Y., Kim, K.W., Lim, J.H. and Kim, S.J. 2012. Commercial tree species (1) Pinus densiflora. NIFoS. pp. 250.
33 Bennett, A.C., McDowell, N.G., Allen, C.D. and Anderson‐ Teixeira, K.J. 2015. Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide. Nature Plants 1: 15139.   DOI