• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.222-228
• /
• 2008

Purpose: Various treatment techniques have been attempted for the radiotherapy of anal cancer because of acute side effects such as perineal skin reactions. This study was performed to investigate an optimal radiotherapy technique in anal cancer. Materials and Methods: The study subjects included 35 patients who underwent definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer in Yonsei Cancer Center between 1990 and 2007. The patients' clinical data, including irradiation technique, were reviewed retrospectively. The primary lesion, regional lymph nodes, and both inguinal lymph nodes were irradiated by $41.4{\sim}45\;Gy$ with a conventional schedule, followed by a boost does to the primary lesion or metastatic lymph nodes. The radiotherapy technique was classified into four categories according to the irradiation field and number of portals. In turn, acute skin reactions associated with the treatment interruption period were investigated according to each of the four techniques. Results: 28 patients (80.0%) had grade 2 radiation dermatitis or greater, whereas 10 patients (28.6%) had grade 3 radiation dermatitis or greater during radiotherapy. Radiation dermatitis and the treatment interruption period were relatively lower in patients belonging to the posterior-right-left 3 x-ray field with inguinal electron boost and in patients belonging to electron thunderbird techniques. The interruption periods were $8.2{\pm}10.2$ and $5.7{\pm}7.7$ for the two technique groups, respectively. Twenty-seven patients (77.1%) went into complete remission at 1 month after radiotherapy and the overall 5 year survival rates were 67.7%. Conclusion: Field size and beam arrangement can affect patients' compliance in anal cancer radiotherapy, whereas a small x-ray field for the perineum seems to be helpful by decreasing severe radiation dermatitis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.265-276
• /
• 2000

Purpose : Between January 1983 and December 1988, 218 female Patients with known breast cancer and positive axillary nodes were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy following radical mastectomy. Treatment results were retrospectively analysed at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University of College of Medicine. Materials and Methods : The patients were classified into 3 groups; group I included II patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy alone; in group 2, 52 patients treated with radiotherapy alone; and in group 3, n patients treated with combined chemo-radiotherapy. The mean age was 44 years and ranged from 27 to 70. The median follow-up time was 51 months. Results :Seven-year relapse free and overall survival rates were 56$\%$ and 67$\%$; in group 1, 50$\%$ and 56$\%$ in group 2, 51$\%$ and 65$\%$ and in group 3, 62$\%$ and 75$\%$ respectively. This difference was not statistically significant(p<0.05). The loco-regional failure rates were 13$\%$ and distant failure rates were 33$\%$. There was less risk of loco-regional failure in group 2 and 3 which included radiotherapy (p<0.05). But there was no significantly difference in the rates of distant failure( p>0.05). By univariate analysis, the only significant prognostic factor affecting relapse-free survival was the percentage of positive axillary nodes; and the overall survival significantly correlated with the primary tumor site, the number or percentage of positive axillary nodes, and stage. But in multivariate analysis, the only significant prognostic factor was treatment modality. By univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting the rates of overall failure and distant failure, the significant prognostic factors was the percentage of positive axillary nodes; and the risk of the loco-regional failure significantly correlated with the treatment modality. Conclusion :In conclusion, these results suggest a potential for decreasing the risk of loco-regional failure with the addition of postoperative radiotherapy to chemotherapy in the premenopausal patients, and in the patients with number or percentage of positive nodes more than 4 or 1/3. The results of this study suggest that the combined chemo-radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment following radical mastectomy was the most effective modaliw in groups of 2$\~$5 cm sized tumor, stage IIB, and in patients with more than 4 or 1/3 of number or percentage of positive nodes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Zizyphus vulgaris supplementation on growth performance, blood cortisol and meat quality characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of thirty-six [Duroc${\times}$Yorkshir${\times}$Landrace] pigs ($91{\pm}2.11$ kg average initial body weight) were used in a 30-days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) T1 (basal diet for 15 days and 0.1 % Zizyphus vulgaris for 15 days) and 3) T2 (0.1 % Zizyphus vulgaris for 30 days). The ADG (Average daily gain), ADFI (Average daily feed intake) and ADG/ADFI during the feeding period were not significantly differences among the treatments (p>0.05). Backfat thickness of pigs fed CON was higher than those of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The appearance rate of A or B carcass grade was in T1 (74%) and T2 (84%) was significantly higher than that in CON (58%) (p<0.05). Pigs fed Zizyphus vulgaris 0.1 % for 30 days tended to decrease on blood cortisol compared with pigs fed CON and T1. But, there was not significantly difference among the treatments (p>0.05). The Hunter's L/sup */ (lightness) value of loin in the pork fed CON was higher than that of loin in the pork fed T1 and T2 (p<0.05). After 7 days, the L/sup */ value of loin in the pigs fed T2 was higher increased than that of pigs fed T1 and CON (p<0.05). However, a/sup */ and b/sup */ values were not affected by dietary Zizyphus vulgaris (p>0.05). There were not found remarkable differences in sensory properties (marbling, firmness and color) among the treatments. The results from the present study suggest that Zizyphus vulgaris could be a effective feed additive to improve meat quality of pigs. However, further research is needed to investigate effects of carcass characteristics.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.236-249
• /
• 2003

To investigate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid 011 changes of physicochemical properties of pork. Twenty pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups and subjected to each experimental diet(0, 1.25% and 2.5% CLA for 2 weeks, 1.25% and 2.5% CLA for 4 weeks, as total fed diet before slaughtering(about 110 kg). Pork loin samples were aerobically packed and stored for 14 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were then analyzed for general compositions, physicochemical characteristics and sensory evaluation. pH value of CLA fed group pork was significantly increased than that of control group(p<0.05). Crude fat content of CLA treated group pork was significantly higher than the control pork(p<0.05), but there were no significant differences in crude protein, crude ash and total moisture contents between control and CLA treated groups. AU CLA fed group pork showed higher WHC value than control pork. Drip loss was significantly lower compared to those of control porks. No significant differences in lean meat and fat color(CIE L*, a*, b*) were observed between control and the CLA treated group porks. Meanwhile, CLA pork tended to be lower in content of total heme pigment compared to control pork. No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties(color and drip loss) among control and CLA diet-fed group porks. Marbling score and acceptability were significantly increased in CLA diet-fed pork compared to the control pork.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.297-305
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of low-fat emulsion type sausages containing 0% tomato powder (C), 5.0% ground raw tomato paste (T1) and 0.5% freeze dried tomato powder (T2) during storage at $5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The crude protein content of T2 was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the other sausage types. Moisture, crude fat and crude ash contents of the sausages during storage were not affected by the addition of tomato. The pH and shear force ($kg/cm^2$) values of C were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of T1 and T2. There was no significant difference among the different sausages in cooking loss, ranging from $13.00{\sim}14.98%$. The WHC values of T1 and T2 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of C. The values of TBARS were significantly (p<0.05) increased for ail sausages following storage. The TBARS value (mg MA/kg) of C was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of T1 and T2 at 15 days of storage, however T1 was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other sausages after 30 days of storage. The meat color values tended to decrease with increased storage time. Microorganism analysis revealed that all sausage types did not reach $4.4log_{10}CFU/g$ until 30 days of storage. The texture, brittleness, Hardness, and springiness of each sausage type were not significantly different after 1 day of storage, while the cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of T1 and T2 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of C. T1 and T2 sausages had a slightly higher score regarding color, aroma, tenderness and overall acceptability, however the sensory evaluation score among the different sausage types was not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, low-fat sausage with added tomato showed higher lipid oxidative stability during storage than sausage to which no tomato was added.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.596-602
• /
• 1994

To separate and concentrate mucilage from yam(Dioscorea batatas DECNE), yam was dried, microparticulated using impact mill and air-classified at different air classifying wheel speed(ACWS) in classifier. As ACWS increased from 5,000 rpm to 22,500 rpm, the contents of dietary fiber, protein and lipid of air classified microparticles(ACM) increased remarkably. Especially the ACM with ACWS over 15,000 rpm showed 36.41% dietary fiber and 16.66% protein. The dietary fiber and protein components were concentrated to $2.5{\sim}9.0$ times as compared with whole yam powder. Concomitantly the non-fibrous carbohydrate decreased from 88.31% to 16.84. The damaged starch(%), WSI and WAI of ACM of ACWS over 15,000 rpm were $1.5{\sim}3.0$ times higher than those of ACM under ACWS 15,000 rpm. The apparent viscosity of ACM was 0.0800 Pa s over ACWS 15,000 rpm and 0.0080 Pa s under ACWS 15,000 rpm. Judging from viscosity of ACM, the mucilage component of yam was concentrated to 10 times. In conclusion, the optimum process to separate and concentrate the mucilage from yam consisted of the microparticulation to $5{\sim}30{\mu}m$ and the air-classification at ACWS over 15,000 rpm.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.5 no.3 s.19
• /
• pp.152-157
• /
• 2005

Purpose: A total gastrectomy is generally peformed for the treatment of upper third gastric cancer. However, the optimal extent of resection for early-stage upper third gastric cancer is still controversial. In this research, we compared the nutritional status and the quality of life in patients who underwent a total gastrectomy with uncut Roux en Y esophagojejunostomy with those in patients who underwent a proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy for treatment of upper third gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 50 patients with no evidence of recurrent disease following curative surgery for upper third gastric cancer. Among this group, 25 patients underwent a total gastrectomy (TG) and 25 patients a proximal gastrectomy (PG). 8 TG and 4 PG patients were excluded from this study because of death, refusal to interview etc. The nutritional status was assessed by measuring body weight, serum albumin, serum hemoglobin, and serum total protein. The gastrointestinal function and the quality of life were assessed by Cuschieri grading and modified Visick qrading. Results: In analysis of covariance of age and preoperative serum albumin, PG patients demonstrated lower weight loss (P=0.038), elevated serum albumin (P=0.049), and better outcome based on modified Visick grading (P=0.016) than TG, but there were no significant differences in the serum hemoglobin change (P=0.165), serum total protein change (P=0.435), and Cuschieri grading (P=0.064) between the preoperative and the postoperative data. Conclusion: In this study, a proximal gastrectomy led to a better nutritional status and quality of life than a total gastrectomy, as judged from the low weight loss, elevated serum albumin and better modified Visick grade.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2001

Objectives: The experience of traffic accident is a kind of the psychosocial stressors to person. The traffic accident-related patients may show the psychophysiologic hyperarousal. So we examined the differences of psychophysiologic response between patients with and without the memory of experienceing a traffic accident. Methods: Twenty-four traffic accident-related patients were divided into two groups according to ther memory of a traffic accident. In psychological assessment, levels of anxiety and depression were evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Rating Scales For Anxiety and Depression. Heart rate, electrodermal response (EDR), and electromyographic activity (EMG) were measured by biofeedback system, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure by automated vital sign monitor during baseline, task, and rest periods. We utilized script-driven imagery technique as a stressful task. The patients listened to the script describing their own traffic accident experience and were instructed to imagine the event during the task period. Statistically analytic data were obtained from the differences of psychological and psychophysiologic data between two groups. Results: The memory group did not show significantly higher EDR than the none memory group, but showed higher tendency during baseline, imagery, and rest periods. The memory group showed significantly lower EMG than the none memory group during rest period. However, there were no differences in other psychophysiologic reponses between the two groups. Conclusion: Our results showed that the memory group had higher tendency in autonomic arousal level such as electrodermal response than the none memory group. We suggest that physicians need to minimize repetitive imagery of traffic accident (reexperience), and decrease the autonomic hyperarousal in the treatment of traffic accident-related patients.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2001

Objectives: An Increased level of psychophysiologic arousal and diminished physiologic flexibility would be observed in patients with panic disorder compared with a normal control group. We investigated the differences of psychophysiologic response between patients with panic disorder and normal control to examine this hypothesis. Methods: Ten Korean patients with panic disorder who met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV were compared with 10 normal healthy subjects. In psychological assessment, levels of anxiety and depression were evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory and Hamilton Rating Scale For Anxiety and Depression. Heart rate, respiration rate, electrodermal response, and electromyographic activity were measured by biofeedback system (J & J I-330 model) to determine psychophysiologic responses on autonomic nervous system. Stressful tasks included mental arithmetic, video game, hyperventilation, and talking about a stressful event. Psychophysiologic responses were measured according to the following procedures : baseline(3 min)-mental arithmetic (3 min)-rest (3 min)-video game (3 min)-rest (3 min)-hyperventilation (3 min)-rest (3 min)-talking about a stressful event (3 min). Results: The baseline level of anxiety and depression, electrodermal response (p=.017), electromyographic activity (p=.047) and heart rate (p=.049) of patients with panic disorder were significantly higher than those of the normal subject group. In electrodermal response, patient group had significantly higher startle response than the control group during hyperventilation (p=.001). Startle and recovery responses of heart rate in the patient group were significantly lower than responses in the control group during mental arithmetic (p=.007, p=.002). In electrodermal response of the patient group, startle response was significantly higher than recovery response during mental arithmetic (p=.000) and video game task (p=.021). Recovery response was significantly higher than startle response in respiratory response during hyperventilation. Conclusion: The results showed that patients with panic disorder had higher autonomic arousal than the control group, but the physiologic flexibility was variable. We suggest that it is helpful for treatment of panic disorder to decrease the level of autonomic arousal and to recover the physiologic flexibility in certain stressful event.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.530-539
• /
• 2001

Background : Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway remodeling. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent, multifunctional cytokine that contributes to angiogenesis and inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a major proteolytic enzyme that in duces bronchial remodeling in asthma. However, there is no data available on the possible role of the VEGF or on the potential relationship between the VEGF and MMP-9 in acute asthma. Therefore, the VEGF was studied to determine whether or not it participates in airway inflammation during acute asthma. An additional aim of this study was to determine whether or not the VEGF levels correlated with the MMP-9 levels in the sputum of acute asthma patients. Methods: Both the VEGF and MMP-9 levels were measured by an enzyme immunoassay and zymographic analysis in the sputum of patients with either stable asthma or with acute asthma. The VEGF and MMP-9 levels were also evaluated during a spontaneous asthma attack. Results : The VEGF levels were significantly higher in the sputum of acute asthmatic patients than in either the stable patients the control subjects. The VEGF levels in the sputum during asthma exacerbation were significantly higher than those on the remission days, and those levels decreased after asthma therapy. In acute asthmatic patients, the VEGF levels in the sputum correlated with the number of neutrophils and eosinophils. In addition, a significant correlation was established between the VEGF and MMP-9 levels in the sputum. Conclusion : These results suggest that VEGF overproduction is associated with airway inflammation during acute asthma and is related to the MMP-9 function.