• Title/Summary/Keyword: 그리스

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Reconceptualization of Catechesis for Forming Holistic Faith (통전적 신앙형성을 위한 교리교육의 재개념화)

  • Jang, Shin-Geun
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.68
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    • pp.175-216
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    • 2021
  • This essay aims to seek an alternative model of catechesis, as this form of education faces various challenges from the Korean Church especially during COVID-19 pandemic. For a long time, catechesis in the Korean Church narrowly focused on the act of producing Christians who would be loyal to the local church, rather than focusing on nurturing members loyal to Christ, an issue that has been problematized in recent publications on catechesis. Thus, the loss of social trust in the Korean Church and the decline of its public image exemplify how this type of catechesis as disciple-making for local church's benefit, mostly nurtures a vertical dimension of faith. The current teaching and learning method mostly employs a unilateral transfer of doctrine from the teacher to the learner and emphasizes the memorization of doctrine. This type of instruction renders the catechesis as the most lackluster and outdated form of Christian education. This essay aims to reconceptualize the traditional model of catechesis. This essay first critically evaluates current situations of catechesis and presents several alternative meanings on the concept of doctrine. Then it explores the theories of catechesis through different models posed by Christian educators such as John Westerhoff III and Richard Osmer. The final section is devoted to presenting an alternative form of catechesis that focuses on seeking holistic faith.

Aristotle's Static World and Traditional Education (아리스토텔레스의 정적인 세계와 전통적인 교육)

  • Oh, Jun-Young;Son, Yeon-A
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.158-170
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of Aristotle's view of nature that is, the static view of the universe, and find implications for education. Plato sought to interpret the natural world using a rational approach rather than an incomplete observation, in terms of from the perspective of geometry and mathematical regularity, as the best way to understand the world. On the other hand, Aristotle believed that we could understand the world by observing what we see. This world is a static worldview full of the purpose of the individual with a sense of purposive legitimacy. In addition, the natural motion of earthly objects and celestial bodies, which are natural movements towards the world of order, are the original actions. Aristotle thought that, given the opportunity, all natural things would carry out some movement, that is, their natural movement. Above all, the world that Plato and Aristotle built is a static universe. It is possible to fully grasp the world by approaching the objective nature that exists independently of human being with human reason and observation. After all, for Aristotle, like Plato, their belief that the natural world was subject to regular and orderly laws of nature, despite the complexity of what seemed to be an embarrassingly continual change, became the basis of Western thought. Since the universe, the metaphysical perspective of ancient Greece and modern philosophy, relies on the development of a dichotomy of understanding (cutting branches) into what has already been completed or planned, ideal and inevitable, so it is the basis of traditional teaching-learning that does not value learner's opinions.

Theoretical Study of Scientific Symmetry and Its Implications for Science Education (과학적 대칭성에 대한 이론적 고찰 및 과학교육에의 함의)

  • Kyungsuk Bae;Yeon-A Son;Jun-Young Oh
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.13-29
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    • 2023
  • This study aims to provide a theoretical examination of symmetry and its implications for science education. For this purpose, first, we examined the way of thinking of Western science in general through ancient Greek scholars. Second, we divided the perception of symmetry into ancient and modern times. Third, we draw out the implications for science education. The results of this study show that, first, the way of thinking in Western science is 'abstraction', which began with Parmenides and was established by Plato. Second, the ancient perception of symmetry is symmetry as beautiful proportions and harmony based on abstraction, and the modern perception of symmetry is symmetry as an invariant perspective based on abstraction that seeks to find constancy in change. We examined Eratosthenes' experiment to measure the circumference of the earth as an example of ancient symmetry, and Galilean relativity or transformation as examples of modern symmetry. Third, the implications for science education are as follows. Awareness of symmetry can help educate students about the nature of science, as it is a central theme that runs through ancient and modern science. Second, the Eratosthenes' experiment and Galilean relativity or transformations are not represented in the 2022 revised curriculum, but could support understanding of science and key competencies and concepts. Finally, an integrated approach to science education centered on symmetry can have a positive impact on scientific attitudes and interest.

An Analysis of Descriptions about the History of Mathematics in the 2015 Mathematics Textbooks and Teacher Guides for Elementary School Level (2015 초등 수학 교과서 및 지도서의 수학사 기술내용 분석)

  • Park, Mingu
    • Communications of Mathematical Education
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.171-199
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    • 2022
  • In this study, we review contents to supplement the descriptions of the history of mathematics in the 2015 mathematics textbooks and teacher guides for the elementary school level and offer our opinion on them. For this purpose, we conducted a literature review on 24 types of 2015 mathematics textbooks and teacher guides for the elementary school level. The results of this study are as follows: A total of 10 topics were found whose contents were supplemented with descriptions. They were the "Arithmetic of the Ancient Egyptians," the "A'h-mosè Papyrus in Mathematics Textbooks of the Ancient Egyptians," "The Old Akkadian Square Band in Mesopotamia," "The Relationship of the Old Babylonians in Mesopotamia with the Angle," "The Pi of the Ancient Egyptians and the Old Babylonians," "The Square Roots 2 of the Ancient Egyptians and the Old Babylonians," "The Relationship of the Islamites with the Decimal Fraction," "Two Arguments for the Roots of the Golden Ratio," "The Relationship of Archimedes with the Exhaustion Method," and "The Design of Flats." Then, their specific supplements were suggested. It is expected that this will overcome the perspective of the history of the Axial Age and acknowledge and accept the perspective evidencing the transfer of mathematical culture from Ancient Egypt and Old Babylonia to Ancient Greece and Hellenism, and then through Central Asia to Europe.

A Christian educational application of the concept of sustainable development in Christian school (기독교학교에 있어서 지속가능한 발전(SD) 개념의 기독교교육적 적용)

  • Sungsoo Hong
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.72
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    • pp.273-291
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    • 2022
  • The Industrial Revolution brought great development to the whole human history by the improvement of productive capacity. However, high speed development absorbed just on growth gave rise to resource depletion attack and economical inequality. If it might be neglected human society will meet unsustainable development situation. So UN has made effort to make sustainable development(SD) through global band together. SD concept considers it important to promote current development not giving damage to next generation's development. Then economy, environment and social integration should be harmonized and it demands governance for its actualization. SD gets to be a matter of common interest in education. New Millenium development Goals make African poor countries that are in blind spots of development advance toward gradual sustainable development by supporting programmes to these countries. Thus sustainable development education(SDE) is for future. It has an aim to give suitable education for all people who are all over the world. SDE tries to make health society and successful economical life for all. The concept of SD is found in the essential aims of Christian school and Christian education seeking justice and shalom. Christians are called as transformers for servant mission giving recover in corrupt world. Firstly, Christian school practise this mission making students think on Christian perspectives. Then it makes students serve for environment, economical fairness, social integration with servant mission. Also Christian school has a mission to seek both justice and shalom as a praxis beyond the intellectual dimension of education until fulfilling justice and shalom for all who are all over the world. Thus it can be that Christian school is an important educational institution for realizing sustainable development in that it is always to seek justice and shalom through restoration on the Christian educational perspective.

The Red Book : the East and West Issues - With Special Reference to Lao Zi, Dao De Jing - (『붉은 책』 -동서(東西)의 문제, 특히 노자(老子) 도덕경과 관련하여)

  • Bou-Yong Rhi
    • Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.1-30
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    • 2015
  • The Red Book contains C.G. Jung's insightful comment on life suggesting the thoughts of the Eastern philosophers, particularly that of Lao Zi. The author reviewed Jung's commentaries in the Red Book in comparison with Lao Zi Dao De Jing. Jung's comments on the image of despised Surpreme Being, on the Simplicity, the attitudes of 'the Spirit of the Depth' toward intellectual knowledges and speech, toward the small and the mockered one resemble to what Lao Zi spoke on Dao in his Dao De Jing. The 'good and evil' are regarded by both C.G. Jung and Lao Zi as two poles in one total psyche. The favorite words of Lao Zi : 'emptiness' or 'empty' are frequently mentioned in the Red Book. The investigation in this concern revealed that C.G. Jung, contrary to Lao Zi has applied the word 'emptiness' mostly as the opposite to the fullness. C.G. Jung's way of encountering with the darkest side of soul in the Hell and his bold confrontation to the authoritative person such as Philemon, above all, the intensity of his experiences in the state of the utmost tension between the opposites are extraordinarily impressive and somehow strange when regarded from traditional eastern way of behavior such as I-You relationship and the patterns of emotional life based on Confucian tradition. Confucius never talked about the prodigies, feasts of strength and disorders or spirits. Lao Zi never mentioned infernal cruelty. Noteworthy is however, both have enough experienced the cruelty of life and conflicts in the reality and what they spoke was not a process in search for solution but the final proposals for the solution of human agony. C.G. Jung was, like great shaman in central and East-Asia forced to go through inferno in his unique way and from these experiences obtained the insight which resembles not only to Lao Zi but also to wisdoms from the western philosophies and also from the Christianity.

The Study on the Application for Christian Education by Moed, Jewish Mishnah (유대교 미쉬나 모에드(Moed)의 기독교교육을 위한 적용방안)

  • Jang-Heum Ok
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.75
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    • pp.33-56
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    • 2023
  • Purpose of study: The purpose of this study is to analyze the origins and texts of the Jewish scriptures, the Mishnah Moed, and to examine them from the perspective of educational theology to suggest practical application methods for Christian education. Research content and method: In order to achieve the purpose of the research, the contents were set as follows. First, for analyzing the origin and text of Mishnah Moed, the historical process until Mishnah Moed was edited was reviewed, and the contents of the text of Mishnah Moed were classified into 2 groups of 12 Masekkot from the viewpoint of the researcher; The first group is the contents Shabbath and Festivals : Shabbat, Pesahim, Yoma, Sukkah, Rosh haShanah, Megillah and the other group is as a rule to keep the festival, Erubin, Sheqalim, Betzah, Taanith, Moed Qatan, Hagigah. Second, in order to analyze the mishnah moed in educational theology, the church calendar for the festivals currently used in Christianity was analyzed by dividing it into the origin of the church year, the contents of the church year, and the scriptures of the church year. Third, as an educational model for applying Mishnah Moed to Christian education, the goal of seasonal education, the content of seasonal education, and the method of seasonal education were presented. Conclusions and Suggestions: The conclusion of the research is as follows; First, seasonal education based on the teachings of the Bible must be conducted within the Christian community. Second, The education is needed for leading a life that correctly understands and practices the historical process of the Christian festivals. Third, various church education programs should be developed and utilized according to the Christian Bible routine. Fourth, numerous symbols symbolizing the Christian festivals must be created and educated. Fifth, except for the festivals of the sufferings of Jesus Christ, the rest of the festivals must be observed as Celebration.

Understanding Contemporary Interstate Rivalries: Consensus Rivalries and Rivalry Termination (숙적관계 국가들에 대한 연구 - 숙적관계 종식에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인들을 중심으로 -)

  • Oh, Soon-Kun
    • Strategy21
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    • s.32
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    • pp.222-270
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    • 2013
  • 서구 근대 국제관계학의 태동은 "전쟁의 원인"을 밝혀내려고 했던 유럽 지식인들의 학문적 도전에서부터 비롯되었다고 할 수 있다. 1, 2차 세계대전의 잔혹함을 겪으면서 이들은 전쟁(특히 전쟁의 원인)에 대한 좀 더 과학적인 연구를 통해 어떻게 하면 국가들 간의 전쟁을 예방할 수 있을까에 집중해 왔다. 이러한 학문적 경향을 반영한 것이 잘 알려진 미국 미시간 대학의 "전쟁 상관성 연구 프로젝트(Correlates of War Project)"이다. 이는 나폴레옹 전쟁이 끝나고 비엔나체제가 시작된 1815년 이후 국가들 간 발생한 모든 전쟁 관련 자료를 데이터베이스화하여,국제관계학자들이 전쟁(Interstate War)이나 군사분쟁(Militarized Interstate Disputes)을 정량 또는 정성적으로 연구할 수 있도록 다양한 정보들을 제공하고 있다. 최근 Paul F. Diehl, William R. Thompson과 같은 학자들은 전쟁을 분석단위로 하는 전쟁의 원인(Causes of War)을 연구하는 학풍에서 벗어나, 국가들 간의 분쟁과 전쟁을 연구하기 위해 숙적관계(Rivalry)라는 새로운 분석의 단위를 제시하였다. 숙적관계는 국제관계에 있어서 지속적으로 분쟁 또는 전쟁을 일으키는, 즉 무력분쟁의 긴 역사를 가지고 있는, 두 국가를 일컫는다. 국가들 간의 숙적관계는 학자들에 따라 Interstate Rivalry, Enduring Rivalry, Strategic Rivalry 등 다양한 정의와 성격을 갖고 있다. 이러한 국가들의 사례로는 2차대전 이전까지 프랑스-독일 관계, 2차대전 이후 중동지역 이스라엘과 아랍국가들 간의 관계, 냉전기 미소관계, 인도-파키스탄 및 남북한 관계 등을 예로 들 수 있다. 이렇게 널리 알려진 숙적관계 외에도 남미의 칠레-아르헨티나, 에콰도르-페루와 아프리카의 소말리아-에티오피아 등 학자들에 따라 1815년 이후 약 200개의 숙적관계를 제시하고 있다. 숙적관계에 대한 연구는 기존의 전쟁의 원인 중심이었던 정량적 국제분쟁 연구에 두 국가의 분쟁역사를 포함시키는 정성적 연구를 접합시키고 있다. 본 연구는 1945년 이후 숙적관계 국가들의 관계종식과 관련하여, 거시론적이고 전체론적 접근방법(Macro - level Holistic Approach)을 제시하고 있다. 먼저 1945년 이후 발생한 국가들 간의 숙적관계 종식(Rivalry Termination)을 이해하기 위해, 거시적 관점에서 숙적관계를 발생시키게 된 역사적 원인을 살펴보고 있다. 특히 1945년 이후 숙적관계와 관련된 중요한 요인들 중에서 전쟁, 영토분쟁, 그리고 근대국가 형성에 대해 살펴보고 다음과 같은 두 가지 명제(proposition)를 제시한다. 첫째, 1945년 이후의 숙적관계 형성과 지속에는 2차대전 이후 독립국가 형성, 헌팅턴이 주장한 제3의 물결(민주화), 그리고 냉전기 미소경쟁 등의 역사적 배경이 영향을 주었다는 것이다. 둘째, 이러한 역사적 배경에 더하여 1945년 이후 숙적관계는 전쟁에 의해 시작된 숙적관계와 전쟁 없이 시작된 숙적관계 등 2가지로 나눌 수 있으며, 전쟁에 의해 시작되고 영토분쟁과 근대국가 형성 문제를 내포하고 있는 숙적관계가 그렇지 않은 숙적관계에 비해 오랫동안 지속되며 관계해결이 어렵다는 것이다. 앞서 제시된 2가지 명제들과 관련하여 본문에서는 다양한 학자들이 제시한 숙적관계 정의들에 일치하는 23개의 숙적관계(Consensus Rivalries)를 선정하여 이들에 대한 비교분석(Descriptive Analysis)을 실시하였다. 이들 사례들을 1945년 이전과 이후로 나누어, 숙적관계 형성과 종식에 있어 핵심요소인 국가들 간 힘의 차이(Power Relations), 분쟁의 주요 원인(Primary Conflict Issue), 숙적관계에 있어 다른 국가들과의 연계성(Rivalry Linkage), 전쟁의 횟수와 시기 등을 통해 비교하였다. 숙적관계의 종식과 관련하여 약소국 간의 숙적관계(Minor Dyad)가 오래 지속되고, 영토분쟁(Territorial Disputes)이 숙적관계를 지속시키는 주요인이며, 다른 숙적관계와의 연계성이 적은 숙적들이 오래 지속된다는 비교분석 결과가 나왔다. 또한 전쟁의 횟수는 숙적관계 종식에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하지만 전쟁으로 인해 시작된 숙적관계가 그렇지 않은 경우보다 더욱 오래 지속되는 것으로 확인되었다. 끝으로 2차대전 이전의 숙적관계는 대부분 전쟁을 통해 종식되었지만, 1945년 이후에는 전쟁 없이도 숙적관계가 종식된 경우가 많았음을 보여 주고 있다. 본 연구의 주목적은 "1945년 이후 형성된 숙적관계를 어떻게 종식시킬 수 있을 것인가?"라는 규범적 논제를 통해, 23개의 주요 숙적관계를 발굴하여 거시적, 역사적 관점에서 비교분석함에 있다. 이는 특히 우리나라가 처한 현실과 관련하여 중요한 시사점을 갖는다. 남북관계가 갖는 특수성보다는 1945년 이후 국제정치 역사속에서 발생한 숙적관계 현상이라는 일반성의 틀에서 남북관계를 이해하고자 했다. 남북관계를 베트남, 예멘, 독일 등 분단국가의 사례들과만 비교 연구하는 제한된 시각에서 벗어나, 인도-파키스탄, 그리스-터키, 에콰도르-페루 등 유사한 숙적들 간의 관계들과 비교하는 새로운 연구의 장을 제시하고자 한다. 따라서 앞으로 숙적관계 종식에 대한 더욱 다양화된 사례연구를 통해 한반도 분쟁해결에 필요한 새로운 교훈을 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 예를 들면 2차대전 이후 발생한 국경을 접하고 있는 비강대국들의 평화적인 숙적관계 종식에 대한 사례연구는 남북한이 앞으로 지향해야 할 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있을 것이다. 끝으로 본 연구는 특정한 정책적 함의를 도출하기 보다는 숙적관계와 관련된 하나의 거시적 이론를 제시하고, 주요 숙적관계 국가들에 대한 비교설명을 통해 현존하는 숙적관계 해결을 위한 하나의 분석의 틀을 제시하는 것으로 국제분쟁 연구에 기여하고자 하였다.

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Effect of Seed Mixture on the Forage Yield and Botanical Composition in the Hanwoo Grazing Pasture (한우 방목초지에서 목초 혼파조합이 식생구성과 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim Meng-Jung;Cho Young-Moo;Choi Sun-Ho;Kim Young-Gun;Yoon Sei-Hyung;Kim Jong-Geun;Yook Wan-Bang
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.113-120
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to select the optimum seed mixture for beef cattle (Hanwoo) grazing in middle mountain area at 450m from sea level during 2 years from October 1, 1999. Seed mixtures were composed of four different treatment according to main species such as orchardgrass (T1), perennial ryegrass (T2), timothy (T3) and Italian ryegrass (T4). Grass composition rate of different seed mixtures was decreased mostly at first year of grazing, like 44.9% of orchardgrass in T1 plot, 27.6% of perennial ryegrass in T2 plot, 40.9% of timothy in T3 plot and 40.7% of Italian ryegrass in T4 plot, respectively. Main species in seed mixture were decreased in grazing pasture, but kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were increased in all plots. Italian ryegrass in T4 plot was well grown in early grown stage and inhibited the growth of other grass species, and 44.2% of Italian ryegrass was maintained in second year in the grazing plot. Average dry matter yields of first you showed 6,673 kg/ha and second year was 10,177 kg/ha. Average TDN yields of different seed mixtures were 6,399 kg/ha in T1, 7,769 kg/ha in T2, 4,383 kg/ha in T3 and 7,146 kg/ha in T4 plot. Average herbage dry matter intakes by different seed mixtures during 2 years were 5,937 kg/ha in T1, 6,375 kg/ha in T2, 4,925 kg/ha in T3 and 6,456 kg/ha in T4. This result indicated that perennial ryegrass would recommended in main species of Hanwoo grazing pasture.

Development of Cotton Farming and Transformation of Rural Area in Sanliurfa Prefecture, Turkey (터키 샹르울파주 목화농업의 전개와 지역사회의 변화)

  • Kang, Sukkyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.48 no.1
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    • pp.87-111
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    • 2013
  • Regional disparities between eastern and western regions is the most of serious problem for balanced regional development in Turkey. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is being implemented to eliminate these regional development disparities. The work that was initially planned as predominantly for hydraulic energy production to utilize water resources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers more effectively was later transformed into an integrated multi-sector regional development project. This study noted that this region had very limited cash crop production because of the constraints of semi-arid climate of the southeastern region, however, later, it has changed Turkey's major cotton producing region since Southeastern Anatolia Project carried out. Therefore, this study investigated background, process, and content of the Southeastern Anatolia Project with respect to high cotton productivity in this region and examined the dynamic changes of cotton productivity in this region. In addition, Sanliurfa prefecture is one of the main development axes of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, because government investments are concentrated on this prefecture. Therefore, this study examined the background and process of cotton farming growth in this prefecture. In 2011, Sanliurfa prefecture produced 37.6% of Turkey's total cotton production. This is mainly due to agricultural infrastructure expansion such as land consolidation, irrigation, roads and farm roads. Also, it is one of the main factor that subsidies paid to farmers for cotton cultivation. The introduction of irrigation has dramatically changed the direction of seasonal migration of this area. Prior to irrigation, this area had a serious social issue about out-migration for seasonal labor to other areas. However, the introduction of irrigation made this area that changed to in-migration and intramigration for cotton cultivation. Irrigation water is supplied to farmers through the WUAs (Water User Associations) that handed over irrigation water management, operation from DSI (General Directorate of State of Hydraulic Works). However, the WUAs are under the influence of Ashiret, a traditional feudal social structure. Because of this reason, it does not have an efficient management for farmers. Also, it is one of the reasons that this area does not have autonomous farmer organization.

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