• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.721-727
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• 2021

In this paper, aerodynamic characteristics of missile configuration with various grid fins in subsonic flow. To investigate the effects of grid fin shape, four types of experimental models were used. In addition, to examine aerodynamic characteristics of missile configurations with various grid fins according to effects of Reynolds numbers and configurations of grid fins, 6-components aerodynamic forces and moments were measured by internal balance in wind tunnel test.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.609-615
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• 2021

Three-dimensional numerical study was carried out to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of the supersonic grid fins installed on SpaceX Falcon 9. The present three-dimensional flow results were compared to the results by the concept of the unit grid fin previously introduced for more efficient and simpler flow calculations, and the validity of the approach of the unit grid fin were evaluated. The aerodynamic characteristics in supersonic flights Mach 2.8 of SpaceX Falcon 9 with various angle of attacks were also obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.745-752
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• 2020

A numerical study was carried out to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of the supersonic grid fins installed on SpaceX Falcon 9. The unit-grid-fin concept was utilized for more efficient and simpler 3-D steady flow calculations. Pre- and post-correction processes that accounted the interference effects by the angle of attack of the missile, the influences of the outer frame of the grid fin and the connecting rods were improved in the study, and it was demonstrated that the present correction method was more accurate as compared to previous studies. Finally, the present approach was applied to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics in transonic/supersonic flights of SpaceX Falcon 9 with various angle of attacks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.461-461
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• 2011

최근의 나노기술의 발전과 함께 나노미터크기의 물질들의 물성과 미세구조 등을 분석하기 위한 노력들이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 투과전자현미경(transmission electron microscope; TEM)은 나노물질의 미세구조 관찰, 화학성분 분석, 전자기적 특성평가가 가능한 초정밀 분석장비이다. TEM 관찰을 위한 시편의 제작방법중 TEM 그리드(grid)를 사용하는 방법은, 분석하고자 하는 물질을 망(mesh) 형태의 그리드에 도포하여 샘플을 준비하는 방법으로 다른 방법에 비해 아주 빠르고 간편한 장점이 있다. 그러나 TEM 그리드에 나노물질을 분산/도포하여 공중에 떠있는 형태로 샘플을 제작하려면, 나노물질이 mesh 사이로 빠져나오지 않도록 그리드 mesh의 간격이 아주 미세하여야 하는데, 일반적으로 mesh의 크기가 미세할수록 그리드의 가격은 높아진다. 또한 기존에 사용되고 있는 비정질 탄소박막으로 덮여진 그리드는 극미세 크기의 나노물질 및 탄소나노물질을 분석할 경우, 고해상도의 TEM상을 얻는데 한계가 있다. 한편 그래핀은 2차원의 육각판상의 구조로 탄소원자가 빼곡히 채워진 흑연 한 층의 나노재료이다. 이는 원자단위 두께로 가장 얇은 물질로서 기계적 강도가 우수하여 지지막으로의 응용이 가능하다고 알려져 있다. 따라서 TEM grid막으로 사용할 경우 기존의 고가의 미세한 mesh가 형성된 그리드를 사용하지 않아도 나노물질을 효과적으로 분석할 수 있을 것으로 예상 된다. 본 연구에서는 열화학증기증착법(thermal chemical vapor deposition; TCVD)을 이용하여 300 nm 두께의 니켈박막이 증착된 기판위에 대면적으로 합성한 그래핀을 TEM 관찰용 그리드 위에 전사(transfer)함으로써 나노물질이 그리드 mesh사이로 빠져나오지 않는 저가의 TEM 그리드 제작 방법 및 응용 가능성에 대하여 보고한다.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 2019

A sub-munition which has low aspect ratio does not have flight stability and control of drag force under free-fall condition. In order to satisfy those problems, fin, which is called grid-fin, is designed instead of conventional flight fins and adapted to the sub-munition. The base model of the sub-munition is firstly set and numerical simulation of the model is conducted under transonic condition that is free-fall range of the sub-munition. Wind test is secondly performed to verify the simulation result. The result shows that grid fin adapted sub-munition has high drag force, but the flight stability is still needed. In order to enhance the flight stability, two additional grid-fins are designed which modify web-thickness and numerical simulations of modified models are conducted. As the results, the thinnest web-thickness grid-fin has the highest flight stability and still maintains high drag coefficient. Based on these results, design of grid-fin adapted sub-munition is completed, the path trajectory of the sub-munition can be predicted with acquired aerodynamic datum and it is expected that grid fin can be used to various shape of the flight vehicle and bomb.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2023

To predict the aerodynamic characteristics of the grid fins from subsonic to supersonic speeds, low fidelity SW as well as CFD SW were applied. VLM(Vortex Lattice Method) and SE(Shock-Expansion) method were used at subsonic and supersonic speed domain respectively for the rapid prediction of low fidelity SW. For 2 configurations of the grid fins, the CFD computations and tests using the trisonic wind tunnel were also performed to compare the results of the grid fins. The results of low fidelity SW, CFD SW and the wind tunnel tests data were agreed well each other. Through further research on the grid fins, the effective parameters of the grid fin configurations according to the speed regime will be investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 2009

The use of geogrid-reinforced earth wall technologies has progressed rapidly over the past 10 years in Korea because these technologies have advantages such as economical efficiency, graceful appearance, and easy construction. The geogrid used in the reinforced earth wall with concrete block facing can be subjected to damage among the upper and lower blocks and at the interface between the block and the geogrid. Therefore, when design of the geogrid-reinforced soil walls the required connection strength of the geogrid to the wall facing is an issue. In this study, new connection system between facing block and geogrid is developed to improve the damages of geogrid in the existing connection systems. The new connection devices are made of steel and have I-shape. This paper describes the test method and results of the laboratory testing for determination of connection strength in connection system using the I-type connection device.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1175-1188
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• 1988

Linear estimation in isotropic turbulence is examined to approximate conditional averages in the form of fluctuating velocity fields conditioned on local velocity. The conditional flow fields and their associated vorticity field are computer using experimental data [Van Atta and Chen] and energy spectrum model [Driscoll and Kennedy]. It appears that ring vorticies could be the dominant structure. Due to the extremely large vorticity in the viscous region of a conditional ring vortex, the energy spectrum model can be used appropriately by changing the Reynolds number. The hairpin vortex could be detected by combining vorticies in isotropic field with an anisotropic orientation imbedded in uniform mean shear flow and this is consistent with other studies [Kim and Moin].

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.130-135
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• 2012

We present a method of graphene synthesis with high thickness uniformity using the thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) technique; we demonstrate its application to a grid supporting membrane using transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, particularly for nanomaterials that have smaller dimensions than the pitch of commercial grid mesh. Graphene was synthesized on electron-beam-evaporated Ni catalytic thin films. Methane and hydrogen gases were used as carbon feedstock and dilution gas, respectively. The effects of synthesis temperature and flow rate of feedstock on graphene structures have been investigated. The most effective condition for large area growth synthesis and high thickness uniformity was found to be $1000^{\circ}C$ and 5 sccm of methane. Among the various applications of the synthesized graphenes, their use as a supporting membrane of a TEM grid has been demonstrated; such a grid is useful for high resolution TEM imaging of nanoscale materials because it preserves the same focal plane over the whole grid mesh. After the graphene synthesis, we were able successfully to transfer the graphenes from the Ni substrates to the TEM grid without a polymeric mediator, so that we were able to preserve the clean surface of the as-synthesized graphene. Then, a drop of carbon nanotube (CNT) suspension was deposited onto the graphene-covered TEM grid. Finally, we performed high resolution TEM observation and obtained clear image of the carbon nanotubes, which were deposited on the graphene supporting membrane.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.791-799
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• 2016

This paper presents the design of reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces for X-band bandpass operation with improved isolation. The proposed reconfigurable FSS is composed of a four-legged loaded element, a inductive stub and a bias grid. The PIN diode is located between the four-legged loaded element and the stub, which can control the frequency response of reconfigurable FSS by ON/OFF state. By adjusting the length of the stub, the desired bandpass frequency and the improved isolation between ON and OFF state can be obtained. For validation of simulated results, we have carried out transmission characteristic measurements using rectangular waveguide of WR-90. The measured results are in good agreements with the simulated results.