• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2014

Approximately 8.5 million tons of fly ash and 740,000 tons of briquette ash were produced in 2010. Inefficient recycling of coal ash has been a heavy economic and environmental burden and economical coal ash utilization technologies are required to turn coal ash into valuable resources. In this study the patents and literature were analyzed to understand the present situation of coal ash recycling technologies and to promote utilization of coal ash for producing a non-sintering green cement, geopolymer. The survey was based on the open patents of USA, European Union, Japan and Korea, and the papers in SCI - indexed journals published between 1979 and 2013. Technical key words were used for data collection and noise filtering. Trends of recycling technologies in utilization of coal ash for producing geopolymers were discussed in terms of time periods, countries, companies and various forms of technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2015

The pressure oscillation induced by inhibitor in a solid rocket motor has been investigated by 3D large eddy simulation(LES) and proper orthogonal decomposition(POD). The vortex generation and breakdown at inhibitor are periodically observed between the inhibitor and the nozzle by flow-acoustic coupling mechanism. The excitation of pressure oscillation occurs as the flow impinges on the submerged nozzle head which recirculate in the cavity in rear dome of the motor chamber. The vortex generation frequency is closely related with the shedding frequencies of the detached vorticities at the inhibiter, which fairly compared with the experimental data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.137-141
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• 1999

금속 다층박막과 미세입상 합금박막에서 발견된 Giant Magnetoresistance(GMR) 현상에 고무되어 최근에는 50년대에 밝혀졌던 산화물 자기저항 재료에 관하여 새롭게 연구하고 있으며 perovskite 구조를 가지는 La$_{1-x}$ Ca/xub x/MnO$_{3}$ 박막에서 큰 자기저항을 얻었으며 이를 Colossal Magentoresistance (CMR) 이라 부른다. 본 연구에서는 La$_{1-x}$ Ca/xub x/MnO$_{3}$ 분말을 하소온도를 700-90$0^{\circ}C$로 변화시킨 고상반응법과 자발착화연소합성법(Glycine-Nitrate Process) 으로 각각 제조하였으며 비교 분석하였다. TG-DTA을 이용하여 불순물과 미반응 물질을 확인하여 적당한 하소 온도를 결정하였고 XRD를 이용하여 결정상을 분석하였다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)으로 각각 제조된 분말의 하소후 입자의 크기를 비교하였다. GNP법으로 합성한 경우가 고상반응법을 이용한 경우보다 입자의 크기가 submicron 단위로 미세하고 균질하며 고순도의 perovskite 구조를 갖는 La$_{1-x}$ Ca/xub x/MnO$_{3}$ 분말을 얻을 수 있었다.었다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2015

Recently, candles have been widely used to create a romantic atmosphere and to heat tea. In this study, a small combustion chamber for candle was designed using an 0.008 m³ bell jar. The emission factors of combustion products were then measured. The combustion chamber includes a glass dish, which prevents candle flame from affecting the composition of the gas emitted through the exhaust outlet. The outlet in the combustion chamber was designed as a cone shape, and it was lengthened to prevent flow from the outside, which could affect the homogeneous composition of the exhaust gas. The temperature at the outlet of the chamber was 34 ℃~41℃. The major combustion products of the candle, such as such aldehydes and acids, contained oxygen. The mass specific emission rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and TVOC were 0.04 μg/g, 0.01 μg/g, 0.02 μg/g, and 3.81, respectively. The mass specific emission rates of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were 4.48 μg/g, 1.09 μg/g, and 0.67 μg/g, respectively. Considering the different compositions of the candle samples, their mass specific emission rates were similar to those obtained by using a large chamber 0.17 m³~50 m³ in size.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.106-113
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• 2016

Lean burn engine, classified into port injection and direct injection, is recognized as a promising way to meet better fuel economy. Especially, LPG direct injection engine is becoming increasingly popular due to their potential for improved fuel economy and emissions. Also, LPDi engine has the advantages of higher power output, higher thermal efficiency, higher EGR tolerance due to the operation characteristics of increased volumetric efficiency, compression ratio and ultra-lean combustion scheme. However, LPDi engine has many difficulties to be solved, such as complexity of injection control mode (fuel injection timing, injection rate), fuel injection pressure, spark timing, unburned hydrocarbon and restricted power. This study is investigated to the influence of spark timing, fuel injection position and fuel injection rate on the combustion stability of LPDi engine. Piston shape is constituted the bowl type piston. The characteristics of combustion is analyzed with the variations of spark timing, fuel injection position and fuel injection rate (early injection, late injection) in a LPDi engine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

As a propellant of a high speed underwater vehicle, the hydro-reactive solid metal particles using seawater as a oxidizer maximizes its specific impulse when the solid metal particles and the seawater are uniformly mixed in the combustion chamber. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of injector geometry on the particle distribution of similarity point of view. For the purpose of this similarity of the mean velocity and particle number density along the radial direction was measured by Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV).

• Resources Recycling
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 1997

The paper revlcws [he kinds and thcir physical and chemical characleristics of varlnus plastics. The nccds for ~ccycling of used plastics are emphasized and problems and challcngcs ilssoclatcd with treatments of such used plastics are described It aLra makes various suggestions to meet and solve these problems.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.157-162
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• 2019

This numerical study was analyzed to predict the flammability limits of biodiesel and diesel fuels in the high temperature and pressure conditions. To achieve this, the biodiesel fuel was simulated with the chemical species of n-heptane (n-C₇H₁₆), methyl decanoate (C₁₁H₂₂O₂), and methyl-9-decenoate (C₁₁H₂₀O₂), and the diesel fuel was substituted the chemical species of n-heptane. The closed 0-D homogeneous reactor model which was employed the 1100 K of ambient temperature and 35 atm of ambient pressure was used for the simulation of constant volume combustion, and the equivalence ratio was changed from 0.3 to 2.5 conditions. In addition, a comparative analysis study was conducted with the results of HCCI engine simulation and flammability limits according to the changes of equivalence ratio. The results of combustion temperature, pressure, and ignition delay were increased when the equivalence ratio elevated from 0.3 to 1.3 conditions because the increase in fuel oxidation rate affects the chemical reaction of the overall combustion process. Furthermore, the CO and NO_X production under the rich combustion conditions are considered to have a trade off relationship since the OH radicals and O₂ chemical species are greatly affected the CO and NO_X production and oxidation processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.585-592
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• 2015

Effects of opening distance on liquid-gas spray of pintle injector were experimentally investigated under atmospheric condition by using water and air as simulants of propellants. Discharge coefficients($C_d$) and mass flow rates were calculated with various injection conditions; 0.1 bar - 1.0 bar for water pressures and 0.2 mm - 1.0 mm for the pintle opening distances. Spray angles were measured from the spray images that were obtained by a shadowgraphy method. When opening distance is 0.2 mm, liquid sheet is not formed properly and it show non-uniform spray. than it can result in combustion instability. it has a weak correlation between the momentum flux ratio and the spray angle, while it has a strong correlation between the momentum ratio and spray angle. Finally the spray angles reduced exponentially when the momentum ratio increased and the spray angles converged to about 40 degrees.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.629-634
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the effect of factors that influence the measurement of smoke density using synthetic rubber flooring. The characteristics of rolling stock in an enclosed environment can cause enormous loss of life by smoke inhalation during fires inside passenger cars. The amount of smoke generation from interior materials for rolling stock is strictly restricted domestically and in other countries. Precise measurement of smoke density is therefore required to assess the fire performance of interior materials. Major factors that influence the measurement of smoke density include the uniformity of the specimen, the variations in conditions and instruments, and the operational and maintenance environment of the instruments. The contribution of factors was analyzed by estimating the uncertainty to investigate the contribution ratios of the major factors. The results show a contribution ratio of about 86% for the variation from the measurement of light transmission using a photomultiplier tube. Thus, this factor was the most representative for the measurement of smoke density. The contribution ratio of the other factors was low at about 11%, including irradiant flux conditions (${\pm}0.5 kW/m^2$) and the influence of the operational and maintenance environment of the instrument. These results were obtained using specimens with high uniformity.