• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2013

In order to propose effective conservation management plan, this study verified ecological characteristics, humanities and Social characteristics. The research site is private property which is owned belonging to the Kim's of Gimhae that have long history. The study site is more than a thousand years old and was created for protecting from typhoon. There held the religious ritual what is called Dongsinje until 1960s. There have been protected and managed by the villagers. As the results of analysis, the area of windbreak are $12,392.69m^2$. The windbreak is dominated old years deciduous broad-leaved tree such as Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera. Around there were farmlands(52.1%), urbanized area(26.3%), forest area(16.6%). The vegetation communities of windbreak were classified by considering the dominant species and current status of forest. The forest types are following as; A. aspera community(I) which is using less pressure, Platycarya strobilacea-Carpinus coreana-Z. serrata community(II). Z. serrata community(III) which is using high pressure, Z. serrata-A. aspera community(IV), Z. serrata community(V) which is damaged under canopy trees. The windbreak was in good condition whereas, there were concerns the some wrong status was being undermined such as the wrong forest restoration projects in the past, the trails that is penetrating inside the forest, building up education facilities. Therefore, in order to restore the value of windbreak what is so called Suwol forest, we should improve the problems of forest ecosystem such as wrong management, forest fragmentation by facilities and decline in forest by lack of growing the next generation trees. In addition, we should remove excessive resting facilities and lead to passive use of forest. to improve the way of wrong management, moreover, we should close off he trails that is penetrating inside the forest for improving fragmentation. We should restore vegetation restoration and fostering the next generation trees for forest ecosystem. In order to restore unique of histo-cultural and ecological forest landscape, the next generation trees should be grown up that is the dominant species in Suwol forest. Moreover, as a results of comparing the between good vegetation communities and damaged vegetation communities, it is necessary to complementary planting for demeged vegetation communities, therefore there needs to 10.8 under canopy trees, 79.7 shrubs.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to classify the patterns of health behaviors of some rural residents in Korea by sub-grouping them into populations with similar patterns of diet quality, physical activity, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, and then to investigate the relationship between these health behavior patterns and health status or health management of them. Methods: The study subjects were 722 rural residents above 20 years old on a typical rural district in Korea, and the data used in this study was from the survey data for health planning of a health center. Study questionnaire for this survey was developed from modifying the questionnaire for 'National Nutrition and Health Study' conducted in 1998. To classify health behavior patterns, cluster analysis was conducted. And to test the association of health behavior patterns with health status or health management, multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results: The results and their implications of this study were as follows: 1. We identified six health behavior typologies : 67.8% of the sample had a good diet quality but showed sedentary activity level(good diet lifestyle) and 10.9% had heavy smoking behavior(smoking lifestyle). Individuals included in fitness lifestyle cluster(6.2%) had high physical activity level and those in drinking life style(2.6%) had had mainly large amount of alcohol. Zero point six percent of sample were included in hedonic lifestyle cluster, who showed poor health behaviors in all. Those included in passive lifestyle(11.9%) had no active health promoting activities but tended to avoid risk taking health behavior such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. 2. As a result of logistic regression analysis, to compare with the individuals in good diet lifestyle, the prevalence of chronic diseases of those in fitness lifestyle showed higher and that of those in smoking lifestyle, drinking lifestyle, hedonic lifestyle, passive lifestyle showed lower than them, retrospectively. 3. Adjusting with general characteristics and health status, to compare with the individuals in good diet lifestyle, the proportion of those who had good health management practices in fitness lifestyle was higher, and the proportion of those who had health check in past 2 years was lower than them, retrospectively. Conclusions: There were some differences in health behavior patterns between rural population and national population, which influenced significantly on health status and health management practice of them. We suggested that the health promotion program for them be developed with considering these points.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2004

Biodiversity and seasonal community composition of benthic macroinvertebrates were studied from Upo wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, comprising Upo (4 sites), Mokpo (2 sites), Sajipo (1 site), Jjokjibeol (1 site), Yeobeol (1 site), and Topyeongcheon (2 sites) areas from October 2002 to August 2003. As a result, it was known that Upo wetlands retained relatively well-preserved littoral zones which may provide good habitats for benthic macroinvertebrates; however, frequent disturbances of littoral zones caused by flood were the major factor affecting on the survival and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in the areas. During the study period, a total of 135 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in 10 genera, 59 families, 16 orders, 7 classes, and 3 phyla were collected those of which are the highest degree of diversity of the taxa ever known in Korean wetlands: aquatic insects 103 spp. (Diptera 27 spp., Odonata 24 spp., Coleoptera 19 spp., Hemiptera 16 spp., Ephemeroptera 9 spp., Trichoptera 7 spp., and Collembola 1 sp.), Crustacea 2 spp., Mollusca 19 spp. (Gastropoda 12 spp. and Bivalvia 7 spp.), and Annelids 11 spp. (Oligocaeta 1 sp. and Hirudinea 10 spp.). Sajipo (St.G) and Jjokjibeol (St.H) areas yielded relatively larger numbers of species, 54 spp. and 53 spp., respectively, while more than 40 species occurred at most other sites. Based on quantitative sampling (0.5m${\times}$2m), aquatic insects (88.0％), particularly chironomids in Diptera (61.0％), occupied major proportion of the total individuals of benthic macroinvertebrates, while Mollusca (5.3％), Annelida (3.5％), and Crustacea (3.2％) occupied minor proportions. In standing water areas, diverse groups of benthic macroinvertebrates such as chironomids, demselflies, aquatic bugs, aquatic beetles, crustaceans, and gastropods were dominant in terms of individual number; in the running water areas, on the other hand, chironomids and baetid mayflies were dominant. However, gastropods, i.e. viviparids, were the dominant group of benthic macroinvertebrates in most study areas in terms of biomass. Dominance indices were 0.22-0.51 (mean$\pm$sd 0.42$\pm$0.09) in autumn, 0.31-0.96 (0.02$\pm$0.23) in winter, and 0.30-0.89 (0.57$\pm$0.18) in summer; diversity indices were 3.50-4.26 (3.80$\pm$0.24) in autumn,1.55-4.50 (3.10$\pm$1.01) in winter, and 1.35-3.77 (2.55$\pm$0.09) in summer. Highly movable or true aquatic benthic macroinvertebyates such as aquatic bugs, aquatic beetles, and gastropods recovered earlier after flood. In the study sites of Upo wetlands, Upo and Sajipo areas showed relatively higher values of average diversity index which may indicate a good habitat condition for benthic macroinvertebrates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.199-213
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• 2020

Grain size and shape are the two important components contributing to rice yield and quality. To analyze traits related to grain-shape, a total of 272 varieties derived from japonica, japonica black and Tongil-type rice accession in Korea were evaluated in this study. The traits, grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), length to width ratio (RLW), and 1000-grain weight (TGW) were measured and replicated 10 times. Genes (GW2, GS3, qGL3, qSW5, GS5, TGW6, GW7, and GW8) related to grain-shape were validated in the accessions using specific DNA marker sets. K-mean clustering of the accession based on phenotypic data revealed three groups: group 1 was classified by GW and GT and included most of japonica type, group 2 was classified by RLW and GL reached a medium size and possessed a half spindle-shaped type, and group 3 was classified by TGW, reached a long size and possessed a semi-round shape. In validation tests using the marker sets, both gw2 and tgw6 were validated in less than 1% of the tested accessions and two allelic types, qgl3 and gw8, were only verified in Tongil-type accessions. For GW8 and GW2, any different amplicons were not amplified in any japonica or Tongil-type accessions, respectively. In order to suggest the representative grain-shape gene combinations for each ecotype, the allelic combinations were evaluated by PCR analysis. Cj1 and 2 in japonica (Cj1-7), Cj_b1 and 2 in japonica-black (Cj_b1-3), and CT3 in Tongil-type (CT1-13) turned out to be the dominant combination in each ecotype, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that introgression of four genes (gw2, gs3, qSW5, and GS5) would expand the diversity of grain shape in Korean japonica varieties. The gene combinations information could be utilized practically to understand or enhance grain shape in japonica rice breeding program.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.319-344
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• 2015

A seasonal characteristic of marine environment and fish assemblages in the coastal waters of Jeju Island were determined using samples collected by a trammel net in from 2012 to 2013. Annual mean temperature and salinity were $18.8^{\circ}C$, 33.7psu (2012) and $18.8^{\circ}C$, 33.8psu (2013) which shows stable water mass. nutrient concentrations represent that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ranged from 0.030 to 0.217mg/L, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from 0.002 to 0.010mg/L, and silicate ($SiO_2$) from 0.096 to 0.292mg/L. Chlorophyll a concentrations of phytoplankton ranged from 0.905 to $1.125{\mu}g/L$ were appeared the highest in summer and the lowest in winter. Suspended Solid(SS) concentrations ranged from 1.200 to 2.100mg/L (mean, 1.634mg/L) were appeared the highest in autumn and the lowest in spring. During the survey period, a total of 83 species (48 families and 12 orders) of fishes were identified, Perciformes and Scorpaeniformes accounted for 63.9% of the total number. The number of species was higher in summer than in winter, showing a peak in summer at 57 species and a low in winter at 47 species. The number of individuals and the biomass peaked in summer at 694 individuals and 151.9kg, and were the lowest in autumn at 466 individuals and 106.5kg. The diversity index, evenness index and richness index were appeared 2.92~3.14, 0.75~0.83 and 7.06~8.56 at each stations. the dominance index were appeared highest in spring and summer, were appeared the lowest in winter and autumn. The Filefish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer), Bluestriped angelfish (Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis), Marbled rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus), Rabbit fish (Siganus fuscescens), Blackfin sweeper (Pempheris japonica) were dominant species, which occurred abundantly during the entire survey period. The subtropical fishes were identified total of 41 species (49.4%) and the number of species was higher in summer at 29 (50.9%) species and a low in winter at 20 (42.6%) species. The dominant species of subtropical fishes were appeared Bluestriped angelfish, Blackfin sweeper, Rabbit fish, Scarbreast tuskfish (Choerodon azurio), Ballonfish (Diodon holocanthus), Flagfish (Goniistius zonatus), Blue-spotted boxfish (Ostracion immaculatus) in study sites. The subtropical fishes of species, individual and biomass showed significant correlation with environmental factors (Chlorophyll a, DIN, DIP, $SiO_2$) in almost all sampling sites.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.161-174
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• 2005

In order to presume the relationships between two species of P. ternata and P. tripartia, and their populations of the Korean Pinellia, RAPD analysis was performed. The length of the amplified DNA fragments ranged from 300 to 2,500bp. Seventy scorable RAPD makers were found from the PCR reactions with 7 random oligoprimers and were analyzed by Nei-Li's genetic coefficient. Also, some regional groups instead of same taxa were clustered from the phenogram of UPGMA analysis and NJ tree. Populations within each species were clustered at low genetic distance, there had the closed relationship. According to the regional individuals, Pinellia ternata was showed the variation pattern of morphological (leaf shape and flower color) and cytological characters(somatic chromosome numbers). So we suggested to difference of characteristic variety based on variety of habitat. According to this study, new species (Pinellia sp.) was affiliated with Pinellia and had the closest relationship with Hallasan and Japan population. The RAPD data was very useful to define the genetic variation and to discuss the relationships among the intraspecific taxa and their populations of the Korean Pinellia.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2008

The quantitative bivariate spatial pattern analysis was applied for the water quality and nutrients data of Masan Bay, and for this analysis Pearson's r as aspatial correlation measurement, Moran's I as spatial association measurement and L index as integration of aspatial and spatial measurement methods were used. To understand the aspatial and spatial characteristics implicated in L index, Pearson's r as well as Moran's I were classified into 3 types respectively, and Pearson's r and Moran's I were combined with 9 types, and also quantile of L index value was used for each of those 9 types. Finally, these types were defined as 5 groups having not overlapped L index range. According to the application result of L index groups, bivariate water quality and nutrients showed no aspatial correlation regardless of spatial association in February and July, but they showed aspatial correlation having clustered spatial pattern in May and November. The result of this study providing the guideline for the interpretation of aspatial correlation and spatial association using L index is expected to be helpful for the marine environment pattern analysis using quantitative index for further study.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.291-302
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• 2014

We have studied characteristics of community structure on the benthic macro-invertebrates at twelve selected sites in upstream, midstream and downstream of Paemsagol, Piagol, Chilseongol and Daeseonggol, major streams of Jirisan Mountain, for three years from April 2008 to September 2010. As a result, 2 phyla, 3 classes, 11 orders, 41 families, 119 species and 4,449 individuals of benthic macro-invertebrates have been collected and classified in this study. Among them EPT group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), commonly appearing taxa in clean stream ecosystem, was found most frequently. The highest species number of benthic macro-invertebrates were collected in 2008, the year with lower climatic influence including heavy rain. In almost all of survey sites 80% or over of EPT group were counted, and St. 1 scored highest rate of EPT group at 92.59%. Most dominant species was Ecdyonurus kibumensis at 12.83% of dominance index, and subdominant species was Goerodes KUb at 6.81% of dominance index. The investigation of the feeding function group indicated that gathering-collectors were dominant with 26 species and 1,334 individuals, while the number of filtering-collectors was lowest with 11 species and 230 individuals. This result represents that the feeding function group of Jirisan Mountain is mountainous stream-specific one. Both diversity index and richness index were lowest at the midstream of Chilseongol (St. 5), while the midstreams of Daeseonggol (St. 11) and Piagol (St. 8) were highest in diversity and richness indices respectively. The analyses of linear regression and correlation were performed in order to investigate and to predict the appearance aspect of EPT group by altitude. The results showed that the ratio of Plecopteran species number has increased by the elevation of the altitude at 0.05 significance level. Cluster analysis was also carried out for evaluating environmental similarities among survey sites. As a result, upper regions of Paemsagol (St. 1) and Piagol have clustered as most similar sites each other, while the midstream of Piagol (St. 8) has separated with lower similarity value than other sites in species composition.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2014

The development of big data technology was to more accurately predict diversified contemporary society and to more efficiently operate it, and to enable impossible technique in the past. This technology can be utilized in various fields such as the social science, economics, politics, cultural sector, and science technology at the national level. It is a prerequisite to find valuable information by data mining techniques in order to analyze big data. Data mining techniques associated with big data involve text mining, opinion mining, cluster analysis, association rule mining, and so on. The most widely used data mining technique is to explore association rules. This technique has been used to find the relationship between each set of items based on the association thresholds such as support, confidence, lift, similarity measures, etc.This paper proposed cosine net confidence as association thresholds, and checked the conditions of interestingness measure proposed by Piatetsky-Shapiro, and examined various characteristics. The comparative studies with basic confidence and cosine similarity, and cosine net confidence were shown by numerical example. The results showed that cosine net confidence are better than basic confidence and cosine similarity because of the relevant direction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2006

Inhabitant patterns of the legally protected species and the characteristics of fish fauna in the Pyeongchang River, Korea, were studied from April to July 2004 by selecting 6 sites. The number of fish samples in this period were 2,448 in 35 species of 9 families. A total of nineteen endemic species (54.29%) were presented and those were Hemibarbus mylodon and Acheilognathus signifer. The highest frequency was shown in Zacco korean us (34.84%) and Pungtungia herzi (10.25%) and Coreoleuciscus splendidus (6.86%) were the next. In addition, The highest biomass was found in Z. koreanus (5,580.2g) and Coreoperca. herzi (1.241.2g) and C. splendidus (1,207.0g) were the next. When comparing the distribution of the legally protected species in within the Han River system, the highesting distributions were determined in the Pyeongchang and Dong River (6 species). The ratio of individuals in the Pyeongchang River was shown to be higher (10.62%) than that of other lakes and streams. In conclusion, more precise protection and protective plans were needed in order to maintain the lake ecology in good status because the Pyeongchang River is relatively well protected from the anthropogenic disturbance in the legally protected species including the endemic species.