• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.676-685
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• 2018

This study is to compare carbon budget between serpentine sites and non-serpentine sites dominated by Pinus densiflora forest in the Andong serpentine area where has high values of magnesium and low values of calcium, and are usually deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, but rich in heavy metals such as nickel, chrome, cobalt, etc. and to measure soil $CO_2$ efflux and environmental factors between January 2017 and December 2017. Soil $CO_2$ efflux was measured with LI-6400 once a month; the soil temperature at 10 cm depth, air temperature, soil moisture contents, and solar radiation were measured in continuum. Soil $CO_2$ efflux in the serpentine area and non-serpentine were $151.71{\pm}75.09g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$(42.48 ~ 262.61 g $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$) and $165.09{\pm}118.96g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$(20.94 ~ 449.24 g $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$), respectively. Carbon storage in the serpentine area and non-serpentine area were 91.90, $222.85ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively. Carbon absorption in the serpentine area and non-serpentine area were 7.99, $17.41ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Carbon budget in the serpentine area and non-serpentine area were absorbs 5.3, $14.49ton{\cdot}Cha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate characteristics of growth and active compounds of Angelica gigas population distributed in Mt. Jeombong. Quadrates were established in native area to harvest root part of Angelica gigas and analyze soil properties in September and October 2017. It was found that Angelica gigas populations were collected above the altitude 758 m near the valley covered with Fraxinus mandshurica and Acer pictum, and so on. In case of soil nutrient, soil organic matter, available phosphorous, and total nitrogen ranged 5.8-25.2%, 23.0-67.9 mg/kg and 0.3-1.3% respectively. Also, the Fresh weight of root ranged 28.8-65.3 g in September and 22.3-75.6 g in October. The content of active compounds ranged 2.7-4.7% in decursin and 2.9-4.5% decursinol angelate in October that was increased by 1% and 2.4% respectively compared with that in September. In the final analysis, there was positive correlation between fresh weight of root and exchangeable cation (natrium, calcium, magnesium). Also, there was positive correlation between active compounds and the content of water in root part of Angelica gigas.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.192-203
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• 2018

The surfgrass Phyllospadix iwatensis is native in the exposed rocky shores of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. In Korea, P. iwatensis is mainly found on the rocky subtidal zone in the central eastern coast. In this study, to examine the ecological characteristics of P. iwatensis, we investigated changes in morphological characteristics, density, biomass, and leaf productivity as well as changes in the underwater irradiance and water temperature of its habitat monthly from August 2017 to July 2018. Underwater irradiance and water temperature showed clear seasonal changes; increases in spring and summer and decreases in fall and winter. Morphological characteristics, shoot density, biomass, and leaf productivities of P. iwatensis exhibited significant seasonal variations, increasing in winter and spring and decreasing in summer and fall months. P. iwatensis leaf productivities both per shoot and per unit area showed significant positive correlations with underwater irradiance. The average leaf productivity of P. iwatensis per area was $6.3{\pm}1.3g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$, while minimum and maximum values were $2.4{\pm}0.3g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ in February 2018 and $16.4{\pm}4.4g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ in May 2018, respectively. The optimum water temperature for the growth of P. iwatensis in this study was between $12-13^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1477-1488
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• 2018

This study investigated the muscles, intestines, and gonads of Sulculus diversicolor supertexta to examine the diversity of microbial communities within examples collected from the Jeju Coast. Using different media, initial pure isolation in MA, 1% BHIA, and 1% TSA indicated that the muscles, intestines, and gonads supported more communities, respectively. In analysis of relative similarity with 16s rRNA sequencing, 190 pure colonies were isolated, and further analysis with NBLAST identified 71 species, 39 genera, 25 families, and five phyla. Homogeny with the reference strain was 91-100%. Microbial communities in S. supertexta consisted of gamma and alpha Proteobacteria (48%), Actinobacteria (32.5%), Firmicutes (16.9%), Deinococcus-Thermus (1.3%), and Bacteroides (1.3%). In all tissue, Psychrobacter cibarius in Moraxellaceae was dominant. Alteromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pasturellaceae, Moraxellaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Geminicoccaceae, Dietziaceae, Intrasporangiaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Micromonosporaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Aerococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Paenibacillaceae, Planococcaceae, and Staphylcoccaceae were commonly isolated across all tissues, and Flavobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Yesiniaceae, Vibrionaceae, Hahellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae were also identified from the intestines. In microbial monitoring of four harmful bacteria, Streptomyces albus (96%) showed antibacterial activity against all four strains, and Agrococcus baldri (99%) and Psychrobacter nivimaris (99%) presented against E. Coli and E. aerogens. In addition, some strains with low homogeny were isolated and further experiments are therefore required, for example to refine the antimicrobial substances including new strain investigations. These additional experiments would aim to establish generic resources for the microbial communities in S. Supertexta and provide basic data for applied microbiological research.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.86-99
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• 2010

Among Natural monument birds, a total of 11 species and 2,209 individuals were found in Nakdong river estuary from March 2007 to February 2008 including Eurasian Oystereacher (Haematopus ostralegus; No. 326), Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata; No.327), Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus; No.201-1), Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus; No.201-2), Black-faced Spoonbilll (Platalea minor; No.205-1), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia ; No.205-2), Steller's Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus; No.243-3), White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla ; No.243-4), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus; No.323-6), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus; No.323-8) and Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides; No.325-1). Among the habitats for migratory birds in Korea, the Nakdong river estuary is the only place where more than 2,000 individuals of Whooper Swan(Cygnus cygnus) spend winter. Eulsukdo, Myeongji Flat and neighboring tidal flats (Myeonggeummeori, Baikhapdeung, Doyodeung, Jangjado, etc.) are major habitats for natural monument birds such as Eurasian Spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia ), Whooper Swan(Cygnus cygnus) and Swan Goose(Anser cygnoides). A colony of aquatic plants such as Common Bulrush(Scirpus triqueter) and Common Reed(Phragmites communis) serves as a feeding and resting place for birds in the Anatidae family including ducks, swans and geese. Plans for management and conservation of the habitats and the natural monument birds in Nakdong river estuary are as follows: minimization of water contamination, construction and management of aquatic plants habitats, protection of sandbanks, security of stable habitats, and consistent monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.212-235
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the location and the spatial composition of Uireung that is located in Seokgwan-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, in order to understand the landscape architectural characteristics. The results are as follows. First, Uireung is 6.4km from Changdeokgung Palace and 5.5km from Heunginjimun Gate. It did not violate the distance standard (40km) for the royal tombs according to Joseon Dynasty Neung-won Myo-je. Second, Uireung is in harmony with the nature and shows the authoritative characteristics of the royal authority through the spatial composition and rank(Entrance Area, Ceremonial Area, Burial Area). Third, there are burial mound, stone sheep, stone tiger, stone table, stone watch pillars in the upper platform, and stone civil official, stone horse, stone lantern in the middle platform, and stone military official, stone horse in the lower platform, and T-shape shrine, worship road in the ceremonial area. There is no pond and a tomb keeper residence, but the position, size, and form can be approximated through historical research materials. There are a colony of pine trees around the burial mound and 64 species of trees such as pine tree, zelcova tree, and fir tree below the burial mound.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.229-239
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• 2019

All vegetation colonies have layered structure. This layer is called 'forest vertical structure.' Nowadays it is considered as an important indicator to estimate forest's vital condition, diversity and environmental effect of forest. So forest vertical structure should be surveyed. However, vertical structure is a kind of inner structure, so forest surveys are generally conducted through field surveys, a traditional forest inventory method which costs plenty of time and budget. Therefore, in this study, we propose a useful method to classify the vertical structure of forests using remote sensing aerial photographs and machine learning capable of mass data mining in order to reduce time and budget for forest vertical structure investigation. We classified it as SVM (Support Vector Machine) using RGB airborne photos and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) DSM (Digital Surface Model) DTM (Digital Terrain Model). Accuracy based on pixel count is 66.22% when compared to field survey results. It is concluded that classification accuracy of layer classification is relatively high for single-layer and multi-layer classification, but it was concluded that it is difficult in multi-layer classification. The results of this study are expected to further develop the field of machine learning research on vegetation structure by collecting various vegetation data and image data in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.417-420
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• 2020

In this study, to grasp the current status of cone insects occurrence on Korean fir (Abies koreana) in Mt. Halla, 117 cones damaged by cone insects in three areas in Mt. Halla were collected and placed in growth chamber until adults emerged from the cones from August to October on 2019. And species and numbers of adults emerged from the cones were identified. Also proportion of cones damaged by cone insects was examined at four study plots in Mt. Halla. As a result, total 233, 101, and 4 adults of Dioryctria abietella (Denis & Schiffermüller), Cydia kamijoi Oku, and Scathophaga stercoraria (L.) were identified from 117 collected cones, respectively. The average number of emerged adults per cone was 1.99 for D. abietella and 0.86 for C. kamijoi. And the average damage rate of cone insects in four study plots of Mt. Halla ranged from 49.7-80.1 percent, with differences between regions. Also, our results show that positive correlation between the damage rate per tree and the number of cones per tree, and between number of emerged cone insects and the size of cones were found. It suggests that the cone insects prefer host trees with lots of cones per tree and with larger size of cones.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.340-348
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• 2021

Continuous monitoring of RGB (Red, Green, Blue) vegetation indices is important to apply remote sensing technology for the estimation of crop growth. In this study, we evaluated the performance of eight vegetation indices derived from soybean RGB images with various agronomic parameters under drought stress condition. Drought stress influenced the behavior of various RGB vegetation indices related soybean canopy architecture and leaf color. In particular, reported vegetation indices such as ExGR (Excessive green index minus excess red index), Ipca (Principal Component Analysis Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green Red Difference Index), VARI (Visible Atmospherically Resistance Index), SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) were effective tools in obtaining canopy coverage and leaf chlorophyll content in soybean field. In addition, the RGB vegetation indices related to leaf color responded more sensitively to drought stress than those related to canopy coverage. The PLS-DA (Partial Squares-Discriminant Analysis) results showed that the separation of RGB vegetation indices was distinct by drought stress. The results, yet preliminary, display the potential of applying vegetation indices based on RGB images as a tool for monitoring crop environmental stress.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2021

The present study was conducted to propose future research directions for weed management by examining the current trends of research on weed occurrence according to cropping systems. The cropping systems are developed for the efficient use of arable land, and the weed flora changes according to the management practices of a given cropping system. In particular, weed occurrence can be reduced by altering the soil environment. In addition, cultivation methods, such as tillage, affect the weed seed bank in the soil, thus altering the pattern of weed occurrence. Here, we propose three weed management practices according to the cropping system. First, it is necessary to develop a model that can classify weed species by analyzing young seedlings and can predict the flora in the field. Second, it is important to manage the cropping system history and establish a database of agricultural information, which can be linked to meteorological and geographic data. Third, it is critical to estimate the weed occurrence and soil seed bank dynamics, based on which a cropping system platform and digitalization technology can be developed. In the future, the prediction of weed occurrence and control according to the cropping system will contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing the use of herbicides and solving the problems of resistant weeds.