• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2012

Cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests are one of dominant forest cover types in Asia monsoon climate regions. However, our understanding of how much storages carbon in these ecosystems is limited. We studied carbon storage in three cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests at Jirisan National Park, Korea. The biomass of trees in the three stands on an average was $112tC\;ha^{-1}$ and ranged from 107 to $119tC\;ha^{-1}$. The total amount of soil organic matter at a depth of 30 cm in the three stands on an average was $66tC\;ha^{-1}$. In addition, the total carbon stocks of biomass and soil was approximately $178tC\;ha^{-1}$, ranged from 167 to $184tC\;ha^{-1}$. Above values among three stands did not show the valuable difference at Jirisan National Park. The amounts of carbon storage in three ecosystems at Jirisan National Park, were higher than those of other studies significantly, except Seoraksan National Park.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.230-238
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare the regeneration of the seedlings under different vegetation types and to identify the presence of allelopathy in Abies koreana(Ak) natural forest in Banyabong Peak(elevation, 1715m), of Mt. Chiri. Twenty quadrats($10m{\times}10m$) were placed in May, 1996 to classify vegetation structure using TWINSPAN. Water-soluble extracts from leaves and soil humus of different vegetation types were collected to test their effects on both seed germination of Ak and mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Phenolic compounds from soil humus were quantified using HPLC. Among the four vegetation types, Sasa borealis(Sb) was found in both Ak-Quercus mongolica(Qm) and Ak-Rhododendron schlippenbachii(Rs) communities. Natural seeding of Ak was $230,000{\pm}90,000seeds/ha$ in 1995 and their germination rate was 25% in an ideal laboratory condition. Density of Ak seedlings less than 5cm in height was 52,000/ha in 1996, while that of seedlings taller than 5cm in height was only 4,000/ha. In the case of Ak-Qm community, density of Ak seedlings with Sb understory was only 7% of the density of seedlings with Rs understary, suggesting the inhibitory effect of Sb. The germination rate of Ak seeds was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of Sb, and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum(Rm) and Ak. Soil humus extract of Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity reduced germination of Ak seeds by 81% and also reduced by 19% the respiration of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fumgus, Lactarius sp. Among the seven phenolic compounds identified from the soil humus, extract, Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity contained significantly high content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid. Particularly, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was present at 4.2ppm in the Sb roots and at 16.5ppm in the Sb humus, suggesting that it could be the primary allelopathic compound in Abies koreana forests with Sasa borealis understory.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.327-357
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• 2011

This study compared the species composition and distribution of the forest communities between Korea and Japan using vegetation releve database. The study included the eastern and southern Korean Peninsula, Is. Jeju, Is. Ulreung, northern Kyushu, central part of Japan and Is. Tsushima and divided in fourteen region with major mountain as the center. Seventy-nine forest communities were classified by tabular comparison with the total of 1844 releves. In the composition table, fifty-four groups of plant species were listed. Some grew in one area exclusively, while others were present in multiple locations. This study showed the similarity and heterogeneity of species composition among study areas. We grouped fourteen types showing similar physiognomy for forest communities. The physiognomical features of the vertical vegetation zones in the study area were similar, however, dominant species and species composition were different between the regions. In the lowland zone, Castanopsis-Type dominated by Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii or Castanopsis cuspidata were distributed in the study area except for northern part of the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. Additionally, Persea thunbergii-Type was distributed widely in the lowest part of the study area, however, it showed the simplification of the species composition in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. In the hilly zone, evergreen forest composed by Abies firma-Type distributed in northern Kyushuand Is. Tsushima, but it was absent in the other study region. The difference in forest community was conspicuous, especially in the montane zone. Deciduous broadleaved forests composed Quercus(D)-Type and Fagus-Type widely distributed in the montane of study area. However, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica and Fagus multinervis flourished in Korea. On the otherhand, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, Fagus crenata and F. japonica distributed in Japan. In the sub-alpine zone, evergreen coniferous forest composed Abies-Quercus(D)-Type, Abies koreana-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type were distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Jeju. Forests composed Taxus cuspidata var. nana-Type, Abies mariesii-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type distributed in the central part of Japan. As a result of DCA ordination, evergreen broadleaved forests of the whole study area showed the lower scores along the first axis, while deciduous and coniferous forests showed the higher scores. The forest types of western part of Japan were located the higer scores, forest types of the Korean Peninsula were located the lower scores, and forest types of Is. Jeju located in the middle. Warmth index (WI) and Annual range of temperature in climate factor were highly correlated on the first axis. The first axis reflected the gradient from oceanic climatic to continental one. The higher the altitude and further geographically, the lower the similarity among communities and the peculiarity of community appeared stronger. The historical background reflecting local flora has strongly influenced on development of community.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

The climate of Minamiakikawa forest in Japan is similar to that of Mt. Jiri in South Korea. There is a large development plan for Minamiakikawa forest, and a change in the species composition is expected. This study was initiated to compare forest transition caused by artificial perturbations in Korea and Japan. Long-term field observations on species composition are reported. We found 98 families, 231 genera, 315 species, 29 varieties, and 8 races, making a total of 352 classification groups of higher plants in the Minamiakikawa forest area. Among them, 11 families, 12 species and 2 varieties are rare or endangered. The study area is dominated by Cryptomerica japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa. The time and restoration effects on secondary and latent forestation consider the development of the Quercus mongolica community, the Quercus serrata community, and deciduous-broadleaved tree ascension. This indicates that the forest has been restored to Abies firma, Pinus densiflora or Cryptomeria japonica and Fagus japonica, which is considered latent natural forestation of the area in a natural transfer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-85
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to estimate air purification effectiveness considering the improvement of its methods related atmospheric environment. The air purification effectiveness is estimated in Daegu, one out of Korean Metropolitan cities because air pollution is getting serious in a heavily urbanized area. The absorption of pollutants is calculated by considering spatial heterogeneity that was not considered previous studies and the spatial resolution of air dispersion modeling is also improved by kriging method. According to the type and distribution of urban forest, total 26 kinds of plant communities were distributed with Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus acutissima community and other kinds of communities in the study area. In the results of estimating the $CO_2$ absorption amount for identification of the air purification effectiveness on urban forest, the annual absorption amount was total 108,155t/yr. Also, the annual absorption amounts of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ were total 183.5 ton and 410.2 ton respectively. The findings from this study can confirm the differences of pollutant absorption by concentration that could not identify if spatial distribution of pollutant concentration had not been considered.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-277
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• 2007

We carried out a phytosociological study on pine forests in Korea with the method of Zurich-Montpellier School. We collected the data of 252 $relev{\acute{e}}s$ from 45 sites in the pine forests throughout the Korean Peninsula and its attached islands. The vegetation of the pine forests was classified into one association, three communities and seven subcommunities as follows: A: Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, A-1: Typical subcommunity, A-2: Vaccinium korean urn subcommunity, A-3 : Rhododendron micranthum subcommunity, B: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community, B-1: Typical subcommunity, B-2: Juniperus rigida subcommunity, B-3: Styrax japonica subcommunity, B-4: Eurya japonica subcommunity, C: Saso-Pinetum densiflorae Yim et al. 1990, and D: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community. The former three communities were integrated into the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 em. 1992. The Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community remained to be studied in future to determine the association. The communities of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community was distributed throughout the montane zone in central-northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community occupied widely in the sub-montane and hilly areas in central and Southern Korean Peninsula. The association of Saso-Pinetum densiflorae was found in Cheju Island. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community were distributed in the warm-temperate zone including islands off the south-west coast of the Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.64-85
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• 1997

This study was to establish the floristic composition and vegetation of resources vascular plants of Mt. Mandukbong(1,035.3 m; $128^{\circ}$54'24'E, $37^{\circ}$36'53'N). This work were investigated during the period of 1996. Resources vascular plants were composed of 97 families, 298 genera, 406 species, 70 varieties and 8 formae, Totaling 484 taxa. Among the investigated resources plants. 15 taxa(2.6%) were Korean endemic species. The forest were comparatively well conservated by Pteridophyta calculation(Pte-Q), 1.1 Useful of resources plants were Edible source(46.7%), Pasture source(37.2%), Medicinal source(35.5%), Ornamental source(12.1%)and Timber source(5.9%) respectively. The forest vegetion was classified into 1 order, 1 alliances, 1 suballiances and 4 communities; Rhododendro - Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 Lindero - Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 A. Typical community B. Quercus variablilis - Quercus mongolica Community Callicarpo - Quercenion serratae Kim 1990 C. Carex humilis v. nana - Pinus densiflora Community D. Juglans mandshurica - Urtica angustifloia community

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2015

There is no willow riparian vegetation in Jeju Island, Korea. Instead, a genetically-isolated population of Adina rubella is found in some parts of the riparian system. We describe its syntaxonomy and synecology. A total of 27 phytosociological relev$\acute{e}$s were collected, 11 relev$\acute{e}$s from 91 sites and 16 relev$\acute{e}$s from the previously published relevant materials. Data were analyzed by traditional Braun-Blanquet method and multivariate PCoA (Principal coordinates analysis). New syntaxa are distinguished, Adinion rubellae all. nov. and its type association Tripogono-Adinetum rubellae ass. nov. with two subassociations, typicum and rhododendretosum poukhanensae. Adino-Rhododendretum poukhanensae Itow et al. 1993 was discarded owing to mismatch of syntaxonomy and syngeography of Adina and Rhododendron phytocoena. The alliance Adinion is Jeju's regional and partly ombrotrophic vegetation occurring in pothole and rock crevice where are independent on ground-water table. We also suggest a revised alliance, Rhododendrion poukhanensae Lee 2004 ex. hoc loco in Korean peninsula, as a corresponding syntaxon to Adinion, which completely differs from Phragmito-Salicion. Finally we pointed out that Adina phytocoena requiring an absolutely monitoring has been threatened by river maintenance project of local government.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.375-382
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• 2007

The vascular plants of the studied area in the Mt. Seokbul appeared to be 342 taxa; 96 families, 249 genera, 293 species, 2 subspecies, 43 varieties and 3 forms and 1 cultivar. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 2 taxa existed in the studied areas; Lloydia triflora(Preservation priority order; No. 169), Aristolochia contorta(No. 151) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 7 taxa existed; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Populus tomentiglandulosa(Planted species), Indigofera koreana, Weigela subsessilis. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Forsythia koreana (Planted species). Specific plant species by floral region were total 18 taxa; Wistaria floribunda(Planted species) in class IV, Lloydia triflora, Acer palmatum in class III, 15 taxa (Cephalotaxus koreana, Quercus variabilis, Ulmus parvifolia, Aristolochia contorta, Pyrus ussuriensis, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 11 families, 26 genera, 32 species, 2 varieties, 34 taxa, and naturalization rate was 9.9% of all 342 taxa vascular plants. The plant communities in the Mt. Seokbul were classified as; Pinus densiflora community(No. 1, 3, 4) and Pinus thunbergii community(No.2).