• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2014

Forest vegetation of Birobong (1,563 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine broad-leaved forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation, 1 community of flatland forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 201 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 84 communities of valley forest, 15 communities of coniferous forests, 16 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of subalpine broad-leaved forest, 16 afforestation, 1 community of flatland forest and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Tilia amurensis communities account for 37.08 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Populus koreana community takes up 1.59 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 6.65 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Tilia amurensis, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Populus koreana, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Birobong in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis and Juglans mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.214-227
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• 2016

This study was conducted to classify the vegetation structure of the Geumsan in Namhae-gun. Using the phytosociological method and DCCA ordination, the vegetation was classified into 10 communities of natural forests (Quercus serrata, Carpinus tschonoskii, Q.mongolica, Pinus densiflora, P.thunbergii, C. turczaninowii, Q. variablis, Zelkova serrata, C.laxifora and Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana) and 2 communities of plantation forests (Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica). Among the communities other than the plantation forests, the importance value of Q. serrata (45.7) was found to be the highest. According to the results of DBH analysis among the species with high importance values, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica and C. tschonoskii showed normal patterns in the size-frequency distribution, suggesting that these species will continue to hold their current dominance. The average soil pH in the communities ranged from 4.28 to 4.76. The results of DCCA ordination analysis showed that Q. serrata was evenly distributed in the high and low elevation habitats. P. thunbergii and P. densiflora communities were mainly distributed in the lowest elevation habitats on the southern slope.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 2014

Forest vegetation of Noinbong (1,338 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine deciduous forest, shrub forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 7 communities of other vegetation, the total of 203 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 85 communities of mountain valley forest, 18 communities of coniferous forests, 3 communities of subalpine coniferous forests, 4 communities of subapine deciduous forests, 2 communities of shrub forests, 1 communities of riparian forests, 21 afforestation and 7 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 54.856 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica - Cornus controversa community takes up 15.482 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 78.091 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Quercus serrata, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2004

This study was achieved to investigate the distribution state and the characteristic of Ageratina altissima community in five districts(90.15$\textrm{km}^2$), north of Seoul, Korea. Total distribution area of Ageratina altissima community was 1,860,805$m^2$ and the distribution rate of Ageratina altissima community was 23.7% in Yongsan-gu, Seoul and it was 13.7% in Joong-gu, Seoul including the Namsan-mountain. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and the actual vegetation, in case of the whole sites Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly in the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest and in case of Namsan-mountain area it was distributed mainly in the lower layer of the Pinus densiflora forest especially. In case of the whole sites, the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was highest in the Pinus koraiensis forest; on the other hand, it was highest in the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest with planted area excepting the Namsan-mountain. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and Green Covered Ratio(GCR), the more the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was heigher, the more GCR was higher in case of canopy and understory layer. Especially the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was most high where GCR was over 50%. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and aspect, Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly to the west, so we suppose that Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly in the lower layer of the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest which has fine canopy in the west. We should improve the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest to multi-layer natural forest to control the flourishing Ageratina altissima community in the long term.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.164-171
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• 2017

This study analysed 7 distribution features of dominant natural vegetation, such as elevation, slope, aspect, topographic index, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration using geographic information system(GIS) in Gayasan national park. The Gayasan national park has total 128 communities in which Pinus densiflora community occupies with 29.42%, Quercus mongolica community 27.66% relatively. These two communities comprise 80.58% out of total area, considering Q. mongolica & P. densiflora dominantly mixed communities. The Q. mongolica communities range around 575~1,065m(80.4%) in elevation, and the P. densiflora communities range around 465~965m(84.1%), respectively. The slopes of those two communities areas showed over $21^{\circ}$(78.0%) and (71.3%) respectively. In terms of slope aspect occurrence, Q. mongolica communities occur mostly on northern slope, and the P. densiflora communities on southern slope. The topographic indices of both communities occur around 5~6 most frequently. The Annual mean temperature distributions of Q. mongolica and P. densiflora range $7{\sim}8^{\circ}C$(83%), $8{\sim}9^{\circ}C$(84%), respectively, And the warmth index range of Q. mongolica is $59{\sim}70^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ and the P. densiflora community, $58{\sim}88^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. The potential evapotranspiration ranges mostly from 560 to 590mm/yr, in Q. mongolica communities, and from 580 to 610mm/yr in P. densiflora communities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2003

This ecological study investigated the vegetation changes of abandoned salt field, 21 plots(1${\times}$lm, 1${\times}$2m) set up by the methods of Braun-Blanquet and Elenberg in a coastal island, Gasado, Jindogun, from July to September,2002. The vascular plants of abandoned salt field in the surveyed site identified 17 families and 48 species. Of these species, halophytes and mesophytes were 20(42%) and 28(58%) species. In addition, the disturbance to this habitat led to the change of halophytes in abandoned sald field, exotic plants was distributed 23 species, which included Dactylis glomerata, Conyza canadensis, Oenothera odorata, Cosmos bipinnatus, etc., in the group of, mesophytes were 20(71%) species, vegetation communities were classified into 3 community types, i.e. the halophyte grassland community(Limonium tetragonum community, Suaeda japonica community, Spergularia marina community), the wetland grassland community(Phragmites communis community, Carex scabrifolia community, Phaceturus latifolius var. angustifolius community), and the mesophyte grassland community(Erigeron bonariensis community, Daucus littoralis var. koreana community). Each communities was described the structual, distribution and changes of the vegetation in the abandoned salt field, the vegetation table and actual vegetation map were prepared.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2000

본 연구는 국립공원의 산림관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 계곡부식생을 조사하였다 계룡산국립공원의 계곡부식생을 ZM학과의 식물사회학적인 방법으로 분류한 결과 까치박달군락으로 구분되었다 까치박달군락은 다시 고로쇠나무아군락, 조릿대아군락, 병꽃나무아군락 등 3개의 아군락으로 서어나무군락은 쥐똥나무아군락 쪽동백아군란 등 2개의 아군락으로 구분되었다 까치박달군락은 서어나무군락보다 해발고가 높고 습한 지역에 분포하였다 또한 동일한 계곡이라 할지라도 입지조건 중 특히 계곡부가 위치해 있는 사면의 방위에 따라 식생구성의 차이를 나타냈다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to provide a fundamental data which can be applied to management conservation, and restoration of coastal sand dune vegetation by determining the classification and distribution of community, and ecological characteristics of the habitat. This research was performed by the Braun-Blanquet's method. The coastal sand dune vegetation of Uido (I.) was composed with 9 communities as follows : Vitex rotundifolia community, Zoysia macrostachya community, Carex kobomugi community, Iachaemum anthephoroides community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Carex pumila community, Calystegia soldanella community Messerschmidia sibirica community and Pinus thunbergii community, the evergreen needle-leaved forest. The constancy degree showed high in Calystegia soldanella (77%), Vitex rotundifolia (74%), Carex kobomugi (66%), Zoysia macrostachya (50%) and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (47%). However the highest constancy degree Calystegia soldanella has, it turned out to have low net contribution degree (NCD) in each community. In terms of the distribution and growth feature of the composition species in the coastal sand dune, Vitex rotundifolia, Carex kobomuri and Zoysia macrostachya were widely distributed from unstable sand dune to stable one but Iachaemum anthephoroides and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii were mainly found at the stable sand dune. Carex kobomugi was especially dominant at the unstable sand dune where the sand continued to be deposited. On the other hand, Carer pumila and Messerschmidia sibirica showed regional distributions around fresh water.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.223-236
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• 2003

The vegetation in this study area was divided into 10 plant communities: Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. serratea, Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Q. dentata, Carpinus coreana, Betula davurica and 3 afforestations; Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Castanea crenata. The dominant species in each stratum as determined by R-NCD appeared to be Q. acutissima, P. densiflora, Platycarya strobilacea, Sorbus alnifolia and Q. aliena in the tree-2 layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum, P. strobilacea, Q. serrata, Q. aliena and Q. acutissima in the shrub layer, and Carex lanceolata, C. humilis, R. mucronulatum, Mischanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Oplismenus undulatifolius in the herb layer. The distribution of diameter at breast height(DBH) showed the highest percentage (56%) in the range of 2∼10㎝ in the study area and it was investigated as being in the restoration phase after disturbance. The average of the age of trees was under 40-years-od. The pH of soil collected at each site appeared to be within the range between 4.53 and 5.10(the average of 4.73) in each community, organic matters appeared higher than the value in Q. mongolica, P. rigida, C. crenata communities compared to P. thunbergii, P. densiflora communities. And soil organic matters and total nitrogen were highly correlated with their contents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.310-322
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to classify the types of vegetation in Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands. The study sites were located at Sokwang-Ri, Mt. Chungok(1,276m), Uljin, Mt. Kumma(1,017m) and Mt. Eungbong(1,267m). Two hundred thirty releves were classified and explained by phytosociological analysis(the method of ZM schools), and the results were summarized as follows. Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands were classified into Vaccinium koreanum community, Rhododendron micranthum community, Quercus dentata community, Acer pseudosieboldianum community, and Typical community. Quercus dentata community was divided into Festuca ovina group, Robinia pseudoacacia group, and Typical group, and Acer pseudosieboldianum community was divided into Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata group, Disporum smilacinum group, Magnolia sieboldii group, Carpinus laxiflora group, and Typical group, and Typical community was divided into Melampyrum roseum group and Typical group. And some groups were divided into 7 subgroups. Therefore, Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands had total of 16 vegetation units, out of those units, Vaccinium koreanum community distributed all over the studied areas. While Rhododendron micranthum community distributed mainly at Sokwang-Ri and Mt. Chungok. Therefore it was considered to be useful indicator in determining the range of afforestation and natural distribution of Pius densiflora for. erecta stands. The classified vegetation units were investigated by using of coincidence method. The results indicated that Quercus dentata community distributed mainly below 100 meters at the sea level, while other communities distributed above 350 meters at the sea level. According to the correlations between vegetation units and topography, Vaccinium koreanum and Rhododendron micranthum communities distributed mainly above middle slope areas, Quercus dentata community distributed mainly from lower slope to upper slope areas, Acer pseudosieboldianum community distributed mainly between valley and lower slope areas, and Typical community distributed mainly above upper slope areas. According to the correlations between vegetation units and 5 study areas, Quercus dentata community was distributed in the region of Uljin, and other communities were evenly distributed over other studied areas. According to the correlations between the units and aspects, all communities occurred all aspects, but most of the communities tended to be more distributed at south slopes than at north slopes, which meant that the relic stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta were remained largely as patch phase status at south slopes.