• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.381-390
• /
• 2002

Purpose : To develop a dose calibration program for the IAEA TRS-277 and AAPM TG-21, based on the air kerma calibration factor (or the cavity-gas calibration factor), as well as for the IAEA TRS-398 and the AAPM TG-51, based on the absorbed dose to water calibration factor, so as to avoid the unwanted error associated with these calculation procedures. Materials and Methods : Currently, the most widely used dosimetry Protocols of high energy photon beams are the air kerma calibration factor based on the IAEA TRS-277 and the AAPM TG-21. However, this has somewhat complex formalism and limitations for the improvement of the accuracy due to uncertainties of the physical quantities. Recently, the IAEA and the AAPM published the absorbed dose to water calibration factor based, on the IAEA TRS-398 and the AAPM TG-51. The formalism and physical parameters were strictly applied to these four dose calibration programs. The tables and graphs of physical data and the information for ion chambers were numericalized for their incorporation into a database. These programs were developed user to be friendly, with the Visual $C^{++}$ language for their ease of use in a Windows environment according to the recommendation of each protocols. Results : The dose calibration programs for the high energy photon beams, developed for the four protocols, allow the input of informations about a dosimetry system, the characteristics of the beam quality, the measurement conditions and dosimetry results, to enable the minimization of any inter-user variations and errors, during the calculation procedure. Also, it was possible to compare the absorbed dose to water data of the four different protocols at a single reference points. Conclusion : Since this program expressed information in numerical and data-based forms for the physical parameter tables, graphs and of the ion chambers, the error associated with the procedures and different user could be solved. It was possible to analyze and compare the major difference for each dosimetry protocol, since the program was designed to be user friendly and to accurately calculate the correction factors and absorbed dose. It is expected that accurate dose calculations in high energy photon beams can be made by the users for selecting and performing the appropriate dosimetry protocol.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.407-412
• /
• 2019

In this paper, we propose a technique for processing of speech recognition in korean words. Speech recognition is a technology that converts acoustic signals from sensors such as microphones into words or sentences. Most foreign languages have less difficulty in speech recognition. On the other hand, korean consists of vowels and bottom consonants, so it is inappropriate to use the letters obtained from the voice synthesis system. That improving the conventional structure speech recognition can the correct words recognition. In order to solve this problem, a new algorithm was added to the existing speech recognition structure to increase the speech recognition rate. Perform the preprocessing process of the word and then token the results. After combining the result processed in the Levenshtein distance algorithm and the hashing algorithm, the normalized words is output through the consonant comparison algorithm. The final result word is compared with the standardized table and output if it exists, registered in the table dose not exists. The experimental environment was developed by using a smartphone application. The proposed structure shows that the recognition rate is improved by 2% in standard language and 7% in dialect.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.185-190
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between materialistic values and interpersonal relationship of adult university students and general university students and compare the two groups. The analysis was conducted using the SPSS Statistics 25.0 program targeting 228 adult students and 216 general students enrolled nationwide. First, as for the difference in the materialistic values of the adult and general university students according to the general characteristics, significant differences were found according to gender, religion, the type of school, grade, monthly income (allowance), monthly expense, items of expenditure, and hobby. Second, the analysis of the difference in the interpersonal relationship based on their general characteristics revealed differences based on gender, grade, monthly income (allowance), monthly expense, items of expenditure, and hobby. Third, the research subjects' materialistic values and interpersonal relationship showed a high correlation. Fourth, their materialistic values had significant effects on all the sub-factors of interpersonal relationship. The results of this study implies that materialistic values have negative effects on interpersonal relationship in both adult and general university students.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.346-350
• /
• 2023

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) introduced a safety management system in the aviation sector for aviation safety and mandated the implementation of safety management systems and national safety programs. The activation of the airline's safety management system is not just a requirement for organizational members to create and comply with necessary regulations, but a safety culture to promote and improve flight safety must be established within the organization. Therefore, the safety culture of airlines acts as a major key variable in the safety management system that directly affects safety performance. This study compared the data from the European pilot safety culture awareness, which was the basic data of the survey, with statistics on the safety culture awareness of domestic flight attendants to analyze the differences in safety culture between the two groups.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.235-244
• /
• 2023

We aimed to identify the differences between Korean and Chinese calligraphy therapy by examining the trends in Korean and Chinese calligraphy therapy and the effectiveness of the dependent variables. For the study, we initially screened 288 Korean articles and 429 Chinese articles, totaling 717 articles, published from January 1997 to December 2021. Using the PICOTS-SD standard, 6 Korean articles, 9 Chinese articles, and 15 total articles were identified as eligible for the study, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, a Microsoft EXCEL program. We found that there were significant differences in the number of follow-ups among publication formats, disease types, and main activity techniques (p<.05), and significant differences in the number of research and experimental participants in calligraphy therapy studies published in Korea and China and in the type of effect verification of the dependent variable (p<.01). In addition, based on the literature review and data analysis, it was found that there were differences in the qualities and experience of Korean and Chinese therapists and the intervention contents and methods of calligraphy therapy.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.39-57
• /
• 2012

The unabated influx of micro businesses has turned the Korean retailing market to a rat race, which causes severe financial distress for micro business owners due to heavy competition. The woes of these micro business owner's are exacerbated by the presence of large scale distributors such as Super Supermarket(SSM) and large discount stores. In summary, the Korean retail market is overburdened an uneconomically viable. Retailing has low barriers to entry which attracts unskilled labor or those with little capital. These start-ups have low opportunity costs since they would make low wages elsewhere in the economy. Thus, these owners are content with relatively low returns on their investment. These 'subsistence ventures' are maintained for economical viability rather than economic growth. These 'subsistence ventures' intensifies competition among small-scale businesses. The presence of large retail corporations also aggravates the situation. The recent stagnation of the economy has worsened the retail market in Korea. The overwhelming competition solidifies the coarse structural system and the prolonged economic sluggishness has increased the risk of insolvency for micro business owners. As the economy continues to stagnate, the imminent risk in retailing market will rise up to surface threatening economic stability. More systematic inflows and outflows of retailers are required in order to redress this structural problem. It has been empirically shown that the self-employment rate is high in Korea compared to other OECD countries. To draw the comparison of self-employment rate by industry, Korea shows high rates among transportation, whole sale, retail, education, lodging, and restaurants. In the case of the transportation and education service sectors, this high rate can be explained by the idiosyncratic nature of Korean culture. In the transportation sector, political policies favor private cap service and private freight carriers. In the education service sector, Koreans put particular emphasis on education that leads to many private institutions that outnumber other OECD countries. For these singular reasons, Korea maintains high micro business, self-employed rates particularly in retailing. A comparable nation is Japan, with its similar social, economic, cultural environment among OECD countries. Unlike Korea, Japan has much lower rates of micro business which continues to decrease. Also Korean retailers are much more destitute than Japanese. The fundamental problem of Korean retailing is the involuntary exit of these 'subsistence ventures,' micro businesses with low margins, in which a small drop in demand can lead to financial difficulties for the owner. This problem will be exacerbated when Korean babyboomers retire and join the micro business ventures. The first priority in order to cope with the severity of oversupply in retailing is to provide better opportunities for the potential self-employers. There should be viable alternatives to subsistent ventures. Strengthening the retirement program, scrutiny of exit process, reconfiguration of policy funds are the recommendations.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.148-153
• /
• 2011

EMRAS-2 (Environmental Modelling for RAdiation Safety, Phase 2) is an international comparison program, which is organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in order to harmonize the modelling of radionuclide behavior in the environment. To do so, the urban contamination working group within EMRAS-2 has designed the hypothetical scenarios for a specified urban area. In this study, the importance of contaminated surfaces composing an urban environment was analyzed in terms of dose rate using METRO-K, which has been developed to take a Korean urban environment into account. The contribution of contaminated surfaces to exposure dose rate showed distinctly a great difference as a function of specified locations and time following a hypothetical event. Moreover, it showed a distinct difference according to the existence of precipitation, and its intensity. Therefore, if an urban area is contaminated radioactively by any unexpected incidents such as an accident of nuclear power plants or an explosion of radioactive dispersion devices (RDDs), appropriate measures should be taken with consideration of the type of surface composing the contaminated environment in order to minimize not only radiation-induced health detriment but also economic and social impacts.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.421-440
• /
• 2010

This paper examines middle powers' ODA policy in the post cold war era and discusses its implication for Korean aid strategy. Middle powers' ODA has been more successful than that of super powers in promoting donors' positive images and in stimulating recipient countries' development. Middle powers tend to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems often by taking a mediator role, and their ODA policies set them apart from the great players in international politics. Middle powers' ODA is primarily aimed at reducing poverty and protecting human rights in least developed countries where humanitarian aid needs the most rather than promoting donors' interests. Also, middle powers have provided bilateral untied aid in the sectors of food aid and emergency relief and steadily devoted about 0.7% of their gross national income to ODA. Meanwhile, Korea as an emerging middle power and a new donor has been implementing its own aid strategy under the name of the Korean development model since the post cold war period. The Korean ODA was not successful in building donors' positive images by simply following the short term strategies of US and Japan. Yet, its ODA policy has been quite effective in sustaining local development by creating specific niches in which the country can specialize in. In specific, Korea has focused on developing the sectors of information and communication technology and industry energy in recipients' countries by maximizing its comparative advantage.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.241-266
• /
• 2011

This study examines the determinants of proportion of self-employed and their policy implications focusing hotel/restaurant and wholesale/retail sectors in Korea. In this study, we estimate the optimal size of self-employed in Korea using OECD data. Several hypothesis are tested by use of the regression analysis on the panel data of OECD economies during 2000-2007 period. Using the panel data of per capita GNI, unemployment level, income tax burden, we found that the excess supply level of self-employed was about 8.0%~9.5% overall. We also found that the excess supply level of self-employed was 13.7~14.1% for hotel and restaurant sector, and 10.4~11.1% for wholesale and retail sector. This results imply that strategically coordinated programs for noncompetitive sectors are more effectively implemented. Furthermore, more aggressive entry and exit policies are needed to solve the over-supply problem of self-employed in Korea.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.41
• /
• pp.199-227
• /
• 2015

In the twenty-first century, one of the most controversial issues concerns neoliberal policies and its results. In particular, since the mid-1980s, the United States and international financial institutions have imposed their programs on Latin American countries. The result is a deepening social inequality in Latin America that puts an emphasis on financial stability instead of social security. Consequently, social inequality is worsened and an imbalance in income distribution took place. Because of the flexibility of labor, the middle class is destroyed. For the poor person deprived of the opportunity to rise, violence is a common occurrence in daily life. Thus, in this context, Eduardo Galeano raises the necessity of a critique concerning the values that neoliberalism regards as important. Furthermore, Galeano is also wary of the "militarization of neoliberalism." This is because the neoliberal multinationals motivate a war without borders under the guise of peace. Neo-liberal policies also contribute to environmental pollution. However, environmental vandalism, which happens in partnership with large and international organizations, is not readily apparent to the public because those perpetrators wore a "green mask." Hence, Galeano assiduously endeavors to undercover the false consciousness hiding behind the green mask. Thus, in brief summary, Galeano represents in his works a depiction about Latin America where violence often happens in daily life.