• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.107-134
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• 2016

International arbitration is the important field of applying CISG and the backbone of uniform law developed by CISG. Now CIETAC tribunals like courts of contracting states apply CISG precisely, which is beneficial to improving the quality and the credit of arbitral cases. Arbitration has the characters of independence and the non-government. the legal foundation of arbitral tribunal's applying CISG are the national arbitral law, the applicable arbitral procedures and usages of arbitration, not for performing international obligations under the CISG. CIETAC mainly use China Contract Law and CISG over the cases of sale of goods. Because of no provisions on recovery of differential price loss (equal to article 75 and 76 of CISG) Chinese tribunals have more discretion in determining the sum of damages under the China Contract Law. Applying China Contract Law may not beneficial to aggrieved party.

• Nuclear industry
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• v.17 no.2 s.168
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• pp.40-43
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• 1997

제245차 원자력위원회 의결에 따라 추진된 원자력 사업 추진 체제 조정 작업이 96년 말로 완료됨에 따라, 그 동안 한국원자력연구소가 수행하던 원자력 사업이 모두 산업체로 이관되었다. 이에 따라 1월 3일에는 한국전력기술(주)의 $\ulcorner$원자로설계개발단$\lrcorner$이, 1월 9일에는 한국전력공사의 $\ulcorner$원자력환경기술원발단$\lrcorner$이 대전 대덕연구 단지에서 각각 개소식 및 개원식을 갖고 업무를 개시하였다. 이번 사업 추진 체제 조정으로 지난 10여년간 논란이 되어 온 우리 나라 원자력 산업계의 구조적인 문제점이 해소되어, 세계무역기구(WTO 출범 등 급변하는 무한경쟁 시대의 세계 무역 환경에 적절히 대응할수 있는 체제로의 전환이 이루어짐으로써, 국내 원자력산업은 국제 경쟁력을 확보할 수 있는 기반을 구축하게 되었다. 원자력 사업 추진 체제 조정 작업의 추진 배경, 추진 경위, 조정 결과 등을 요약$\cdot$정리해 본다.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.37 no.8 s.430
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• pp.65-70
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• 2005

제4회 2005년 한국국제축산박람회가 오는 8월 31일부터 9월 2일까지 KOTRA 대전무역전시관(KOTREX), 엑스포과학공원에서 '깨끗한 환경과 안전한 축산물'이라는 주제로 열린다. 본 박람회 주최는 대한양돈협회, 대한양계협회, 한국낙농육우협회, 전국한우협회, 한국축산환경시설기계협회가 되고, 대한양돈협회, 2005한국국제축산박람회추진위원회, KOTREX가 공동 주관한다. 행사 후원은 농림부, 농협중앙회, 한국사료협회, 대전광역시, 충청남도가 맡았다. 이번 박람회는 출품하는 전시업체와 참관객인 축산농가를 위한 박람회로 꾸미기 위해 우선 장소를 대전 무역전시관(KOTREX)으로 옮겨 축산농가들이 쉽게 찾아올 수 있도록 했으며, 전시부스 내에서 실제적인 상담과 거래가 활성화 될 수 있도록 시식행사 등 부대행사는 옥외에서 치러질 수 있도록 하였다. 2005 한국국제축산박람회는 체험박람회, 참여박람회, 비즈니스박람회라는 목표하에 전시면적 15,250제곱미터에 15개국 178여개업체가 600부스 규모로 열리게 된다. 출품대상품목은 축산기자재 및 시설, 배합사료, 동물약품, 생명공학 제품, 축산물 위생 및 가공시설, 축산물 및 가공식품, 가축분뇨 자원화 처리시설, 종축, 리모델링 관련 설비 및 기술, 컨설팅 관련 정보 및 기술 등이 있다. 부대행사로는 축산물 시식회, 축산관련 학술 세미나, 우수전시업체 선발 및 시상, 전국대학생 포스터 경진대회 및 시상, 종축 전시와 경매, 재래닭 및 특수가금 전시, 애완견 및 명견전시, 돼지달리기 및 사진찍기 등이 개최된다. 박람회 참관객은 외국인 바이어 1,000명을 포함하여 10만명에 이를 것으로 추정하고 있다. 학술행사는 박람회 기간 동안 엑스포과학기념관과 대전전시관 세미나실에서 양계세미나, 축산기자재세미나, 축산기술세미나, 양돈포럼, 낙농세미나, 한우세미나, 양돈세미나가 열리게 된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.97-100
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• 2013

전 세계 국제무역거래의 80%가 해상운송으로 이루어지고 있음에 따라, 연 6%로 세계 컨테이너 물동량의 증가가 전망됨에 따라 선박기인 온실가스의 증가에 대한 관심과 규제가 강화되고 있다. 즉 IMO 제62차 해양환경보호위원회에서 선박기인 온실가스 규제방안으로 EEDI와 SEEMP를 도입, 현재 발효 중에 있으며, 각 국의 항만당국 또한 대기오염 등의 환경규제 정책의 일환으로 그린 또는 에코포트 정책을 수립하여 이행 중에 있다. 이러한 해운환경의 변화로 인하여 해운선사는 글로벌 경쟁력 강화와 환경규제에 대응하기 위하여, 선박의 대형화를 통한 규모의 경제 실현은 물론, 급등하는 유가와 환경규제에 대비하여 고 에너지효율 및 저탄소 선박에 대한 수요가 늘어나고 있다. 이에 일본, 싱가폴, 노르웨이 등 EU 국가 등의 해운 선진국들은 1990년대 후반부터 친환경 선박의 개발에 대한 국가적 프로젝트를 체계적으로 이행해 오고 있으며, 이를 통한 친환경 선박기술의 확보와 친환경 선박시장의 점유율을 높이고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 본 논문은 선진 해운국가들이 수행중인 친환경 선박개발의 현황에 대한 벤치마킹을 통하여 상대적으로 뒤쳐져 있는 우리나라 친환경 선박개발 방안을 위한 여러 정책적 제안을 하고자 한다.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.27-44
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• 2024

The lack of consistency and predictability of arbitral awards in the Investor-State Dispute Settlement ("ISDS") mechanism has long been a subject of criticism. In international investment disputes, arbitral tribunals have frequently come up with different interpretations and results on similar investment agreement provisions. The arbitral tribunal's inconsistent decisions raised concerns not only among the parties to the investment dispute but also amongthe arbitral tribunals in other cases, which ultimately led to legal inconsistencies in international investment law. Arbitration awards may have some degree of disagreement in interpretation. However, the systemic inconsistencies that pervade ISDS risk undermining the purpose of the investment agreement system, which is to provide a predictable and stable framework to protect andpromote foreign investment while maintaining a balance with host state regulations. Therefore, this study proposes a plan to resolve this discrepancy and review standards for practical application. Reform of the ISDS mechanism could be a viable option to reduce, to some extent, the inconsistencies in interpretation, if not completely eliminate them. Reforms such as establishingguidelines, promoting cooperation between arbitral tribunals, and codifying the norms of the agreement can provide a means of reducing interpretive inconsistencies and strengthening the legitimacy of the ISDS mechanism. Reforming the ISDS mechanism will require all stakeholders to carefully consider the issues and the scope, nature, and feasibility of eachpotential reform.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.60
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• pp.141-175
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• 2013

The purpose of this study aims to the implications by the introduction of TSU/BPO system as a instrument of trade settlement. Jointly with financial messaging provider SWIFT, the ICC Banking Commission has developed the URBPO to take into account the legitimate expectations of all relevant sectors. Once the goods have been shipped, the seller's bank uploads the shipping and logistics data to the TSU to be checked against the baseline. URBPO is the first ever set of standards in supply chain finance that governs BPO transactions worldwide. BPO enables banks to reduce the risks associated with international trade to the benefit of both buyers and sellers. A BPO is an irrevocable undertaking given by an Obliger Bank to a Recipient Bank to pay a specified amount under the condition of a successful electronic matching of data or acceptance of mismatches. The BPO should be viewed as an exercise in collaboration between trading partners and their banks. Drawings upon global standards and incorporating the benefits offered by letters of credit, the new instrument has the potential to benefit all parties in a trade transaction-and bring trade settlement into the 21st century.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.315-330
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• 2020

Although tariffs are falling due to the establishment of WTO and the increase of FTA agreements, Non-tariff measures such as trade remedies, trade technology barriers (TBT), sanitary quarantine (SPS) and customs regulations have become trade barriers, limiting free trade. Korea, which has achieved export-led economic growth, should present countermeasures. As Non-tariff measures are complex and are applied in different countries, Customized countermeasures by type, industry and country should be presented. To this end, non-tariff DB should be established. In order to collect, analyze, and present measures for non-tariff measures, a dedicated organization dedicated to the government is essential. And consultation among the other parties on non-tariff measures is important, and activities are important at the WTO committee. In addition, it is necessary to foster expertise and expertise in non-tariff organizations. Existing research shows non-tariff measures in each country. As existing studies have been analyzed through studies based on the non-tariff measures of each country or reports of international organizations, there are limitations in the identification of regulations and comparative analysis between countries. Therefore, this paper analyzes on the basis of non-tariff measures DB of WTO I-TIP.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.121-151
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• 2006

As globalisation extends its effect and particularly following China's accession to the World Trade Organization(WTO) in 2001, ever greater numbers of international transactions will feature a Chinese party. China has certainly made efforts in recent years to rectify law problem. While conducting business in China, foreign companies occasionally find themselves embroiled in disputes with Chinese individuals and companies. As foreign businesses invest in the extraordinary market opportunities in China, international arbitration has also become the preferred method for handling disputes with Chinese partners or with other foreign corporation over operations in China. The new Arbitration Rules of the International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(CIETAC) came into force on 1 May 2005. The new rules represent a major overhaul of CIETAC arbitration procedures and are sure to enhance CIETAC's position as a leading player in the resolution of China-foreign business disputes. The changes are significant for all companies doing business in China. So, this article investigated some amendments on the basis of 2000 Rules.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-190
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• 2017

The purpose of this article by looking into the international commercial arbitration system of China is to provide solutions regarding commercial disputes that may occur in trade between China and Korea. For the research, literature review based on the Chinese Arbitration Law and CIETAC Arbitration Rules was employed. According to the research, the arbitration system of China applies partially differentiated legislation between domestic and international arbitration rules, unaccepting any ad-hoc arbitration, a limitation to the party autonomy, a deficiency of independence given to the arbitral institution, the participation of jurisdiction on arbitration is severe and it brings hardships in the execution of arbitral award. Beside these, in China's arbitral institution the jurisdiction directly progresses adjustments during the arbitration procedure and the following result is written as the award. Thus, the research is expected to provide legal and practical solutions to the commercial dispute with Chinese companies by looking into the main contents of legislations of the international commercial arbitration system in China.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

International Standardization in all technical area is gaining its momentum as its impact and implication over global trade is directly linked. The worldwide competition to secure a dominant position in the standardization process is ever growing over the years. In 2005, the International Technical Committee on Nuclear Instrumentation, which is a subunit of International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), was held in Korea under the auspices of MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology). Korea has adopted its Rule and Regulation as the National Standard. As a part of a link to National Mid-and Long-term Atomic Energy R&D Program of MOST, the technical development of a performance test for the radiation monitors was carried out under mechanical environment and electromagnetic immunity conditions. The characteristics of the radiation fields were also evaluated under the conditions and introduced to a techniques of performance test for the radiation protection instrumentation adopted IEC61526 standards and it's results was analyzed. We would like to share the experience gained in these efforts, failure as well as success, and to discuss the problems encountered and serious consideration to be taken into account in the future endeavor.