• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2012.08a
• /
• pp.345-345
• /
• 2012

최근 의료산업에서는 고해상도 및 동영상 구현이 가능한 직접 방식의 X-선 검측센서에서 X-ray 흡수효율이 좋은 반도체 센서(CdTe, CdZnTe 등)와 성숙된 기술, 집적효율이 뛰어난 CMOS 공정을 이용한 제품을 출시하여 대면적화 및 고집적화가 가능하게 되어 응용분야가 점차 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 이 역시 고 성능의 X-선 동영상 구현을 위해서는 고 해상도 문제, 검출효율 문제, 대면적화의 어려움이 있다. 기존의 X-선 광 도전층의 증착은 증착 속도와 박막 품질에서 우수한 Evaporation 법이 사용되고 있다. 한편, 대면적에 균일한 박막형성이 가능하기 때문에 양산성에서 우월성을 가지는 sputtering법의 경우, 밀도가 높은 소결체 타겟의 제조가 힘들뿐만 아니라 증착 속도가 낮아 장시간 증착 시 낮은 소결밀도로 인한 타겟 Particle 영향으로 인해서 대 면적에 고품질의 박막을 형성하기가 어렵다. 하지만 최근 소결체 타겟 제조기술 발달과 함께, 대면적화와 장시간 증착에 대한 어려움이 해결되고 있어 sputtering 법을 이용한 고품질 박막 제조 기술의 연구가 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 $50{\times}50$ mm 크기의 non-alkali 유리기판(Corning E2000) 위에 Evaporation과 RF magnetron sputtering을 사용하여 다양한 기판온도 (RT, 100, 200, 300, $350^{\circ}C$)에서 $1{\mu}m$의 두께로 CdTe 박막을 증착하였다. RF magnetron sputtering의 경우 CdTe 단일 타겟(50：50 at%)을 사용하였으며 Base pressure는 약 $5{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr 이하까지 배기하였고, Working pressure는 약 $7.5{\times}10^{-3}$ Torr에서 증착하였다. 시편과 기판 사이의 거리는 70 mm이며 RF 파워는 150 W로 유지하였다. CdTe 박막의 미세구조는 X-ray diffraction (XRD, BRUKER GADDS) 및 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 또한, 조건별 박막의 조성은 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS, Horiba, 7395-H)을 사용하여 평가하였다. X-선 동영상 장치의 구현을 위해서는 CdTe 다결정 박막의 높은 흡수효율, 전하수집효율 및 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) 등의 물성이 요구된다. 이러한 물성을 나타내기 위해서는 CdTe 박막의 높은 결정성이 중요하다. Evaporation과 RF magnetron sputtering로 제작된 CdTe 박막은 공정 온도가 증가함에 따라 기판상에 도달하는 스퍼터 원자의 에너지 증가로 인해서 결정립이 성장한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 CdTe 박막이 직접변환방식 고감도 X-ray 검출기 광도 전층 역할을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.279-285
• /
• 2006

Non-viral gene carriers continue to attract a great deal of interest due to advantageous safety profile. Among the non-viral gene carriers, cationic liposomes or synthetic gene carriers are efficient DNA carriers in vitro. but their in vivo applications are greatly hampered because of low biocompatibility. On the other hand, chitosan, a natural cationic polysaccharide, is a candidate non-viral vector for gene delivery because of its low cytotoxicity and high positive charges. In this work, targeted gene carrier was synthesized to target artery wall cells using low molecular water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC). The molecular weight $(M_W)$ and degree of de acetylation (DDA) of LMWSC were measured by relative viscometer and Kina titration. respectively. The structure of LMWSC was analyzed by measuring FTIR, $^1H-NMR,\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$. AWBP-PEG-g-LMWSC was synthesized by conjugation of the artery wall binding peptide (AWBP), a specific targeting peptide, to the end of pegylated LMWSC as a gene carrier to target artery wall cells. The synthesized AWBP-PEG-g-LMWSC were analyzed by measuring FTIR, $^1H-NMR$, zeta -potentiometer, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.60 no.3
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 2016

In this study, preparation of positively and negatively charged carbon nanotube (CNT)-collagen (CG) hydrogels with pH sensitive characteristic was reported. The positive and negative characteristics of the prepared hydrogels were created by introduction of positively functionalized CNT-NH₂ and negatively functionalized CNT-COOH, respectively, into the collagen hydrogel. The surface charge of CNTs (CNT-NH₂ and CNT-COOH), CG and CNTs/CG hydrogels was measured by Zetasizer. The swelling ratios of CNT-NH₂/CG and CNT-COOH/CG hydrogels in aqueous solution were checked by measuring of weight changes of the hydrogels in the range of pH 2~10. In detail, the positively charged CNT-NH₂/CG hydrogel swelled up to 5% at pH 4 in comparison to the weight at pH 7, while the negatively charged CNT-COOH/CG hydrogel swelled up to 10% at pH 10. The prepared CNT-NH₂/CG and CNT-COOH/CG hydrogels will be very useful as pH sensitive oral drug-delivering systems for gastrointestine (pH ~2) and small intestine (pH ~9), respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 1998

[ $AB_2-type$ ] alloy, one kind of hydrogen storage alloys used as an anode of Ni-MH batteries, has large discharge capacity but has remaining problems regarding initial activation, cycle life and self-discharge. This study investigates the effects of Cr-addition and fluorination after La-addition on $Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Mn_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}$, composition $AB_2-type$ alloy. EPMA and SEM surface analysis techniques were used and the crystal structure was characterized by XRD analysis. In addition, electrodes were fabricated out of the alloys and characterized by constant current cycling test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. Cr-addition was found to be effective to cycle life and self-discharge but ineffective to initial activation due to formation of stable oxide film on surface. Fluorination after La-addition to the alloys improved initial activation remarkably due to formation of highly reactive particles on surface.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.66-74
• /
• 1993

Potassium-Graphite Intercalation Compounds(K-GICs) have been prepared from purified natural graphite by transformed two-bulb method with variations of reaction temperature ($T_g:450^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $350^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$).Prepared K-GICs were identified to stage transition process by X-ray diffraction data. At these results, d values of (00l) diffraction at 1 stage and 2 stage were corresponded to $5.35\AA$ and $8.73\AA$ respectively. The stage stability and energy states of K-GlCs were obtained by UV /VIS Spectrophotometric data. We found that the minimum value of reflectance was 2.67 eV(465nm) at $250^{\circ}C$and it's moved to higher energy than original graphite's. And X-ray diffraction and UV /VIS spectrophotometric datas suggest that K-GICs were formed lower stage and many charge carriers exist between C atoms of graphite. And then, these results also provide informations on the electrical and other physical properities of K-GICs.Especially, according to studied reports, d values differ from them of each author, but accurate values were established through this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2013.08a
• /
• pp.172-172
• /
• 2013

최근에 디스프로슘 이온이 도핑된 형광체의 백색 발광 현상 때문에 백색 발광 소재의 제조에 관한 연구가 상당한 관심을 끌고 있다. 본 연구에서는 $Eu^{3+}$와 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비를 변화시키면서 $BaNb_2O_6:RE^{3+}$ (RE=Eu, Dy) 형광체 분말을 합성한 결과를 보고한다. 특히 활성제 이온인 $Eu^{3+}$와 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비에 따른 $BaNb_2O_6$ 형광체 분말의 결정 구조, 입자의 모양과 크기, 흡광과 발광 스펙트럼의 변화를 관측하였고, 최적의 합성 조건을 제시하고자 한다. 파장 393 nm로 여기 시킨 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비에 따른 $BaNb_2O_6$ 형광체 분말의 발광 스펙트럼은 580 nm에 주 피크를 갖는 황색 스펙트럼이 관측되었다. 이 발광 신호는 $^4F_{9/2}-^6H_{13/2}$ 전이 신호이다. $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비가 0 mol인 경우에는 발광 신호가 검출되지 않았다. $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비가 0.10 mol일 때 발광 피크의 세기는 최대이었으며, $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비가 더욱 증가함에 따라 발광 스펙트럼의 세기는 계속 증가하지 않고 갑자기 감소하기 시작하였다. 이것은 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비가 임계값을 초과하여 더욱 증가하면 모체 격자들 사이에 치환 고용되어 있는 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온들 사이의 거리가 더욱 가까워져서 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온들이 서로 용이하게 결합함으로써 내부 산란에 의하여 발광의 세기가 감소함을 의미한다. 흡광 스펙트럼의 경우에, $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 몰 비가 0.01 mol일때 형광체 분말은 두 종류의 흡광 스펙트럼을 나타내었다. 첫째는 $Dy^{3+}$ 양이온과 $O^{2-}$ 음이온들 사이에 발생한 전하 전달 밴드에 의해 발생하는 310 nm를 정점으로 하여 280~340 nm 영역에 걸쳐서 광범위하게 분포하는 흡광 신호가 관측되었으며, 둘째는 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 $4f^9$ 전자 배열 내에서 발생하는 4f-4f 전이 신호로서, 이것은 350~500 nm 영역에 걸쳐서 비교적 밴드폭이 좁은 다수의 흡광 신호가 나타났다. 본 실험에서는 다섯 개의 피크를 갖는 흡광 신호가 검출되었는데, 이중에서 제일 강한 주 피크인 393 nm의 흡수 파장은 모체 격자 내에 있는 $Dy^{3+}$ 이온의 바닥 상태인 $^6H_{15/2}$ 준위에서 여기 상태인 $^4F_{7/2}$ 인 에너지 준위로 전이하면서 발생한 신호이며, 이에 비하여 상대적으로 흡광 세기가 약한 370, 432, 458, 370 nm의 흡수 파장이 관측되었다.

• Food Science and Industry
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.11-28
• /
• 2021

Air pollution caused by particulate matters (PM) has become a global issue. PM is known to threaten human health by causing respiratory and cardiovascular disease. PM can be introduced to human gastrointestinal track through food intake, causing inflammation and changes in gut microbiota. Even at low PM concentrations, prolonged exposure to PM can cause significant accumulation of PM in food products. The adsorption of PM onto food surfaces is expected to be strongly influenced by the properties of food surfaces, but few studies have been reported. This paper examines several important food surface properties that may affect the interactions between PM and food surfaces, including surface wettability, surface charge, and surface microstructure. Understanding the adsorption of PM onto food surfaces can provide useful guidance for classifying PM-sensitive foods and controlling food chains, including cultivation, processing, preservation, and cooking, to ensure food safety against PM.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.459-467
• /
• 2009

$Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were prepared on indium-tin-oxide(ITO)-coated glass substrates by using thermal evaporation. The crystallization was achieved by annealing the as-deposited films in flowing nitrogen. X-ray diffraction spectra showed that the $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and the $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were preferentially grown along the (113) orientation. The crystal structure was rhomohedral(hexagonal) with lattice constants of $a=7.405\;{\AA}$ and $c=36.240\;{\AA}$ for $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $a=7.43\;{\AA}$ and $c=36.81\;{\AA}$ for $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films. From the scanning electron microscope images, the $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were plated, and the grain size increased with increasing annealing temperature. The optical energy band gap, measured at room temperature, of the as-deposited $Cd_2GeSe_4$ films was 1.70 eV and increased to about 1.74 eV and of the as-deposited $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films was 1.79 eV and decreased to about 1.74 eV upon annealing in flowing nitrogen at temperatures from $200^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The dynamical behavior of the charge carriers in the $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were investigated by using the photoinduced discharge characteristics technique.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.211-216
• /
• 2008

The effects of Si impurity on electronic structures and magnetism of bcc Fe are investigated by using a first-principles method by considering spin-orbit coupling. In order to describe the Si impurity, a 27 atomic bcc Fe supercell has been considered. The Kohn-Sham equation was solved in terms of the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The effects of spin-orbit coupling were calculated self-consistently by considering spin-diagonal terms based on second variation method. For the ferromagnetic (FM) state without considering SOC, the spin magnetic moment of the Si impurity was calculated to be $-0.143{\mu}B$, while the magnetic moments of Fe atoms were calculated to be $2.214{\mu}B$, $2.327{\mu}B$, and $2.354{\mu}B$ in away from the Si atom, respectively. However, the FM state with considering SOC, the spin magnetic moment of the Si impurity was calculated to be $-0.144{\mu}B$, which is not affected significantly by SOC, but the spin magnetic moments of Fe atoms were calculated $2.189{\mu}B$, $2.310{\mu}B$, and $2.325{\mu}B$, respectively, which are much reduced value compared to those of the FM state without SOC. Comparing the total charge density and spin density, those features are thought to be originated by the screening distortions of the Fe $t_{2g}$ orbital, which can be obtained by considering SOC.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.92-98
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different abutment materials on abutment screw loosening and settling-down effect in conical connection type implant system. Materials and methods: Three types of abutment, cementation, gold UCLA, and metal UCLA abutment were used. Two UCLA groups were fabricated in a similar pattern to cementation abutment. Type III gold alloy and Nickel-Chromium alloy was used for casting gold UCLA abutment and metal UCLA abutment, respectively. Fixture and abutment were tightened to 30 Ncm by using digital torque controller and re-tightening was conducted with same force after 10 minutes. Digital torque gauge was used to measure loosening torque and fixture/abutment length was measured by digital micrometer. Dynamic loads between 25 N and 250 N were applied with $0^{\circ}$ angle to the abutment axis. After loading, fixture/abutment length was re-measured and amount of settlement was calculated. Loosening torque value was also measured for comparison Results: All three groups showed significant differences of length when comparing before and after loading, but there was no significant difference of settling amount in all groups. Loosening torque values were significantly decreased when comparing before and after loading in all groups($P$<.05). However, there was no significant difference in loss of loosening torque values when compared to groups. Conclusion: In internal conical connection type implants, dynamic load affected on settlement and loosening torque of implant, but there was no differences between abutments materials. Likewise gold UCLA abutment, metal UCLA abutment might be able to withstand functional load.