• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.353-362
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• 2009

The present study was performed to observe the effect of phytoncide on oral normal microflora and the inhibitory effect of the surviving resident oral bacteria on F. nucleatum. In this study, saliva from each of 20 healthy subjects was treated with 1% phytoncide from Japanese Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). The surviving salivary bacterium were isolated on blood agar plates and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. In order to select inhibitory isolates against F. nucleatum, the isolates from the phytoncide-treated saliva were cultured with F. nucleatum. The results are as follows: 1. Among the 200 surviving resident oral bacterium, 70(35.0%) bacterium inhibit the growth of F. nucleatum on blood agar plates. 2. Among the 70 bacterium which inhibit F. nucleatum, Streptococcus salivarius was 41.3%(45/109), Streptococcus sanguinis was 28%.(7/25), Streptococcus mitis was 20%(3/15), Streptococcus parasanguinis was 33.3%(3/9), Streptococcus Alactolyticus was 100%(8/8), Streptococcus vestibularis was 28.6%(2/7) and Streptococcus sp. was 50%(2/4). Taken together, among the surviving resident oral bacterium, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis were mainly observed to inhibit F. nucleatum. and they may exert an additional inhibitory activity against the periodontopathic bacterium. Therefore, phytoncide can be used to prevent and cease the progress of periodontal disease, halitosis. Thus it is expected to promote oral health.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.153-167
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• 2009

The present study was performed to observe the effect of phytoncide on oral normal microflora and the inhibitory effect of the surviving resident oral bacteria on Pr. intermedia. In this study, saliva from each of 20 healthy subjects was treated with 1% phytoncide from Japanese Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). Surviving salivary bacteria were isolated on blood agar plates and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. In order to select inhibitory isolates against Pr. intermedia, the isolates from the phytoncide-treated saliva were cultured with Pr. intermedia. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 200 surviving resident oral bacterium, 148(74.0%) bacterium inhibit the growth of Pr. intermedia on blood agar plates. 2. The 200 surviving resident oral bacterium were 109 Streptococcus salivarius(54.5%), 25 Streptococcus sanguinis(12.5%), 15 Streptococcus mitis(7.5%). 3. Among the 148 bacteria which inhibit Pr. intermedia, Streptococcus salivarius was 85.3%(93/109), Streptococcus sanguinis was 64.0%.(16/25), Streptococcus mitis was 54.3%(8/15), Streptococcus parasanguinis was 66.7%(6/9), and Streptococcus Alactolyticus was 100%(8/8). Taken together, among the surviving resident oral bacterium, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis were mainly observed to inhibit Pr. intermedia. and they may exert an additional inhibitory activity against the periodontopathic bacterium. Therefore, phytoncide can be used for preventing and ceasing the progress of periodontal disease and halitosis, and thus is expect to promote oral health.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.32-35
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• 1990

구강 미생물에 관한 연구의 추진력은 2개의 가장 빈번한 질병인 치아우식(우식 또는 충치)과 치주질병이 치아균태(치태)(dental bacterial plaque)와 연관이 있다는 발견에서 나오게 되었다. 이 질병들은 일상 음식물, 구강의 상주균, 그리고 숙주사이의 복잡한 상호작용 등으로 생긴다. 따라서 이 질병들의 발병과정을 연구하기 위해서 구강 생태학의 이해는 필수적이다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2009

The antibacterial effect of phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is the main causative agent of periodontal disease and halitosis, has been reported. However, little is known about its effect on normal oral microflora. The present study was performed to observe the effect of phytoncide on oral normal microflora and the inhibitory effect of surviving resident oral bacteria on P. gingivalis. In this study, saliva from each of 20 healthy subjects was treated with 1% phytoncide from Japanese Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). Surviving salivary bacteria were isolated on blood agar plates and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. In order to select inhibitory isolates against P. gingivalis, the isolates from the phytoncide-treated saliva were cultured with P. gingivalis. The results were as follows: 1. In general, the number of bacteria in saliva from periodontally healthy subjects was decreased when the saliva was treated with 1% phytoncide. 2. The majority of the salivary bacteria surviving the treatment of phytoncide were S. thermophilus (53%). 3. Most of the surviving salivary bacteria (72.5%) inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis A7A1-28 and P. gingivalis W83 on blood agar plates. 4. Among the surviving S. thermophilus, 85.8% of them were observed to inhibit P. gingivalis strains and 75.8% of the surviving S. sanguinis were inhibitory. Taken together, oral resident bacteria surviving phytoncide, which has been shown to inhibit P. gingivalis, may exert an additional inhibitory activity against the periodontopathic bacterium. Therefore, phytoncide can be used for preventing and ceasing the progress of periodontal disease and halitosis, and thus is expect to promote oral health.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2013

Antimicrobial activity of extract from some traditional oriental medicinal plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against six oral pathogens, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei, which are associated with caries disease. The antimicrobial activity was examined by determining the inhibition zone using the disc diffusion assay. In antibacterial activity test, extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis, Chrysanthemum indicum, Kochia scoparia, Hydnocarpus anthelmintica and Caesalpinia sappan showed inhibitory effects (40 mg/ml) against tested caries bacteria. Especially, the C. sappan extract showed the strongest activity on S. oralis (40 mm), L. casei (35 mm) and S. mutans (28 mm). Thus, this result suggests that C. sappan may be applicable to preventing dental caries.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of latex cover developed for dental handpiece on contamination of microorganisms during dental treatment and to determine whether it can be an alternative to conventional sterilization such as autoclaving. E. fecaelis was used as a experimental microorganism instead of oral flora. Experimental bowl with 2 cm of rectangular cavity was fabricated for handpiece operating instead of oral cavity. Latex covers ($Orokeeper^{(R)}$, Orobiotech Co., Korea) and several handpieces were used after sterilization by autoclave. Four experiments were performed to evaluate bacterial contamination related with (1) various parts of dental handpiece, (2) swabbing time with alcohol sponge, (3) postoperative air-water spraying time and (4) consecutive use of latex covers without autoclaving. The results show that face of handpiece uncovered with latex cover was severely contaminated than the covered area and that most bacteria were removed by swabbing face and head area of dental hand-piece and by air-water spraying more than 15 seconds nearly up to the level of sterilization. Conclusively it can be suggested that use of latex cover for handpiece during dental procedure, swabbing with alcohol sponge is air-water spraying for more than 15 seconds after use of dental handpiece should be very useful and practical for prevention of cross infection and should be an alternative method for the sterilization of dental handpiece under some difficult situations not being able to sterilize a handpiece with autoclave.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2010

Phytoncide, essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Candida albicans, which is a commensal colonizer of the mucous membranes but has become an opportunistic pathogen. C. albicans was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its optical density, cell viability and morphology. As concentrations of phytoncide added to the culture medium increased, optical density and cell viability of C. albicans decreased. Minimum inhibitory concentration of phytoncide for C. albicans was observed to be 0.25%, and minimum fungicidal concentration was 0.5%. Numbers of morphologically atypical cells with electron-dense cytoplasm and granules and increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide. At higher concentrations of phytoncide, compartments and organelles in the cytoplasm became indistinguishable. The overall results indicate that the phytoncide used for this study has a strong antimicrobial activity against C. albicans. Therefore, the phytoncide may be used as a candidate for prevention and therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.4 s.111
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• pp.312-319
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• 2005

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are major etiological agents in enamel demineralization around orthodontic appliances. This study was designed to examine the prevalence of these streptococci on orthodontic brackets in vivo using polymerase chain reaction. Four incisor brackets in the upper and lower arches were removed and collected from 80 patients at the time of debonding. The genomic DMA of adhered bacteria was extracted and each dextranase gene of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was amplified using the specific oligonucleotide primers. The results showed that the maxillary incisor brackets were colonized by both cariogenic streptococci to a somewhat higher degree than that taken from the mandible. The prevalence of S. mutans was $50.0\%$ on the maxillary incisor brackets and $33.8\%$ on the mandibular incisor brackets, and that of S. sobrinus was $17.5\%$ and $15.0\%$, respectively. Both species were detected on the maxillary incisor brackets of 7 patients $(8.8\%)$ and the mandibular incisor brackets of 5 patients $(6.3\%)$. These results suggest that cariogenic streptococci can adhere to the incisor brackets and may be resident species on the incisor brackets.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2013

The mouth rinsing solution currently on the market is used for oral hygiene and reduction of halitosis, and alkaline ionized water is used for drinking purposes. The aim of this germiculture and observation through a microscope is to investigate the effect they have on the oral bacteria, and the results are as follows. 1. The change in the number of cultivated bacteria before and after the use of gargle was most dramatic for Hexamedin. It showed the highest rate of decrease in bacteria by 71.29%, followed by Listerine with 62.25%, Caregargle with 42.26%, Garglin with 33.52%, saline solution with 21.62%, alkaline ionized water with 16.08% and distilled water with 7.67%. 2. After careful analysis of statistics, Hexamedin was found to result in a significant decrease in the number of bacteria after gargling (p<0.05). 3. From observing through an light microscope after gram staining, it was evident that both a number of cocci and a few of filamentous were present before the use of gargle, whereas mostly cocci was present after the use of gargle. 4. The difference in the pH of oral rinses and alkaline ionized water had no significant influence on the number of oral bacteria. In conclusion, Hexamedin and Listerine, with the rate of decrease of bacteria of co71.29% and 62.25% respectively, have proven to be highly effective when applied before dental treatment. Other oral rinses and alkaline ionized water are relatively less efficient in decreasing the number of oral bacteria. Also, the decrease of bacteria is more affected by the antibacterial component of oral rinses than by the change in pH.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to assess the antibiotic activity of Actinomyces in plaque from black stained primary teeth to Streptococcus mutans. Samples were obtained from four children, 2-6 years of age, who had black stains on all erupted primary teeth. 16 different Actinomyces spp. were isolated, and antibiotic activity test with paper disc method was done. The results were as follows, 1. No.1 and No.5 Actinomyces spp. showed the antibiotic activity to Streptococcus mutans and the activity of No.5 Actinomyces spp. could compete with that of Oxacillin. 2. No.1 and No.5 Actinomyces spp. also exhibited the antibiotic activity to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis commonly used as experimental bacteria for testing antibiotic activity. 3. For identification of No.1 and No.5 spp., PCR analysis was done. No.5 spp. matched Actinomyces viscosus at 97% level but No.1 spp. didn't match.