• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

The history of the church is becoming 100 years in Korea and it is great growth in both quality and quantity with relatively a short history. But, recently church architecture is without respect to environmental plan because of considering only a quantitative growth. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze the church of floor plans and environment elements of which is built recently or will be built and presents to the fundamental data for church architecture in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1799-1803
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• 2008

표면영상유속계는 하천 표면의 영상을 분석하여 유속을 산정하는 매우 실용적이며 간편한 장비이다. 그러나, 표면영상유속계를 이용하여 유량을 산정하고자 할 경우, 하천 표면의 평면 측량 자료와 하천의 단면 측량 자료가 반드시 필요하다. 이 때문에 표면영상유속계의 간편성과 유용성에도 불구하고, 이용자들이 쉽게 이용하기 어렵다는 그릇된 인식을 줄 수 있다. 만일 효율적이고 간편하게 하천의 단면을 추정할 수 있다면, 표면영상유속계를 마치 일반적인 프로펠러 유속계처럼 쉽게 이용할 수 있을 것이다. 이 연구는 일반적인 평면 측량없이, 두 대의 비디오 카메라로 이루어진 표면 영상 유속계를 이용하여 하천 평면을 계측하는 방법을 개발하는 것이다. 이를 통하여 표면 영상 분석 과정을 반자동화할 수 있게 된다. 두 대의 카메라를 이용한 평면 측량은 사진 측량 분야이나 컴퓨터 비전 분야에서 오랫 동안 연구되어 왔다. 이 기법을 표면영상유속계에 적용함으로써 간단하게 하천의 평면 좌표를 구할 수 있도록 하였다. 두 대의 카메라에 대해서는 직접 선형 변환법을 이용하여 내부 표정과 외부 표정을 수행하여 변환의 매개 변수들을 추정하였다. 추정된 변수들과 공간 전방 교회법을 이용하여 하천의 고정된 기준점들의 좌표를 측정한다. 측정된 좌표점들은 기울어진 영상을 연직으로 사영된 평면으로 변환하는 데 이용되며, 이 과정을 통하여 번거로운 하천의 평면 측량 과정을 생략할 수 있게 되었다. 온천천에 실제 적용하여 본 결과, 결과는 아직은 만족할 만한 정도는 아니나, 보다 정밀한 카메라의 보정 등을 통하여 보다 나은 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.229-235
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• 2018

The Hanok church is an important cultural heritage that can be considered from a religious point of view of life in the modern age in Korea. We will investigate the bounadaries of the Hanok church built in modern age and the characteristics of Hanok architectural. To do so, we have conducted field trips, interviews, and repair reports of the Gimje Geumsan Church in the Jeollabuk province. The Geumsan Church is present, and the architectural characteristics can be confirmed in detail. In addition, Yugwang School, which was responsible for the education function, was able to guess the location and size through the data. As a result, the boundaries of Geumsan Church is the present fence, the west side has the building, and the east side has the playground. The Geumsan Church's flat form was divided into male and female according to the space configuration of ㄱ-shaped reflecting Confucian thought of the time. And it seems that the Yugwang school was located in the entrance part of the modern church with a two-frame scale, which is suitable for lecture.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.39-53
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• 2008

This study aims to investigate and analyze the plan and structural system of 4 kan(間) by 4 kan(間) square church built in early 20th century. At that time, three kinds of traditional wooden structure church had been built under the circumstances of transitional era : Basilica style such as Ganghwa Anglican Church, 'ㄱ' shaped style such as Keumsan Church and $4{\times}4$ Square style such as Bukok Church and Jacheon Church that are concerned in this study. Traditional plans and structural system were mixed with new religious function and transformed into korean peculiar style. $4{\times}4$ Square style is a residual product in that process. Despite of it, little concerns on it till now. The results of this study are described as follows. 1. The plan of these $4{\times}4$ square churches is divided into three areas : cathedra($1{\times}1$), attendance($4{\times}2$), and intermediation($4{\times}2$). The location of cathedra is commonly the opposition part of main gate and projected out of the building. Attendance area was also divided into two, man and woman, because of keeping a distance with each other. 2. The structural system of these $4{\times}4$ square churches are somewhat different because of their size and roof style. In the case of Bukok church, $4{\times}4$ square fall off $3{\times}3$ and $2{\times}2$ gradually and turn into paljak(八作) roof, which enable us to get in traditional entering methods. On the contrary, Jacheon church use hipped roof but almost alike pyramidal roof, which could make us not to recognize entering in the aspect of gable part.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze and explain the formation and characteristics of wooden church architecture in Andong area from 1902 to 1975. Especially, I tried to find out the characteristic of wooden construction and the influence of typical form of Andong church architecture to the small church of nearby Andong rural area. This study was carried out the actual inspection of existing architecture through analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.523-528
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• 2011

Ok-Cheon catholic church has been changed 4 times since it's first construction in 1955. Prior three changes were small ones of windows, doors, roof finish etc. but the last alteration was the extension of it's plan from 一 shape to long cross shape and along with it the size, structure and form of it changed. This history of the church has not been recorded in drawing but only in text with indistinct features not documented. This study makes a new 2D CAD files using layers matched the changes and 3D digital models, these have not only present information but also change informations of the church. They are useful data for effective management, conservation restoration or possible reuse of it.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.42-61
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of wooden anglican church architecture in Chungcheong area. For this study, I have selected ten anglican churches, and have studied the characteristic through the actual survey and analysis. This study focuses on the architectural characteristics and evolution of wooden anglican church in chungcheong area, based on the actual survey and historical analysis. The results of this study is as follows:1)The shape of plan is long axis composed of the entry and altar. 2)The shape of elevation is composed of the roof form and existence and nonexistence of bell-tower. 3)The shape of section in divided into one kan and three kan way, by the existence and nonexistence of a row of columns in the interior. 4)The structure and design follows roof-framing.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.73-86
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• 1996

This study is to analyze the geometrical composition system for the plan of S. Pietro by Michelangelo. In the result of study, the plan is based on the geometrical elements of circle square cross, and shaped to symbolize the Universe which consists of the Heaven the Earth the Man. The plan is constituted of the conception of composition into hierarchy and repetition intersecting 45 degree the same sized square with inscribed square in a circle. Such the geometrical composition system can be found out a large number of example to the geometrical composition of architecture and city planning from Vitruvius to Bramante and Da Vinci. This plan is disposed in balance as the regularly proportional system of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, which is formed the principal space. And the interior space is constituted of the organic space system, expanding to the direction of horizontal, vertical(ascension), development for primary space and secondary space with center in the geometric composition system of altar.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.3 s.43
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• pp.129-148
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• 2005

The plan type of Korean protestant church architecture underwent changes as following five stages according to the changes of the distinction between the sexes. First stage - At the beginning of missionary work in Korea, Koreans generally worshiped in missionary houses which were traditional Korean styles. The plan type of these houses was a simple '-' figure. At that time, men and women worshiped separately because of the idea of the distinction between the sexes. They either worshiped in different places at the same time or in the same place at the different time. Second stage - At this stage, men and women started to worship together in the same place. At the beginning of this stage, men sat in the front of the chapel on a rostrum, and women sat behind the men. The plan type of the chapel was a simple '-' or a rectangular figure. Later, they sat separately on the right and left side. There are the visual interceptions which were set up between them. As the number of church members increased rapidly, a new type of church architecture appeared. It was a 'ㄱ' figure. At that time the entrances were separated by the sexes. Third stage - At this stage, the visual interceptions disappeared as the idea of the distinction between the sexes became weak. As new churches had been constructed by the plan type of rectangular figure, the visual interceptions weren't set up anymore. Fourth stage - At this stage, the separated entrances were unified as one. But the arrangement of their seats didn't change because of the old idea of the distinction between the sexes. Fifth stage - In the final stage, the plan type of the church architecture was not determined by the idea of the distinction between the sexes but social, economical, technological facts and the influence of the foreign architecture. At this stage, new and various kinds of the plan type appeared such as the fan, round, squared, or oval figure as well as the rectangular figure. Men and women were not classified anymore. They started to sit and worship together in the same place. Also, when men and women sat separately from side to side because of the Idea of the distinction between the sexes, men sat on the right and women sat on the left side of rostrum. It didn't applied Confucian ideas but the idea of protestant church; protestant churches have the idea that the right side is more important but it does not in Confucianism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 1987

The single photo method has a lot of applications in forestry, traffic accident managements, industry, criminal investigation, and in daily life. In this study a new single photo method was developed by classifying into the Space resection method and the 2 Dimensional Perspective Transformation method. Metric and nonmetric cameras were used to analyse the accuracy by means of single photo method, and the errors in coordinates and lengths were studied by changing the number and arrangement of control points to obtain the optimum condition for the single photo method. The influence of number and arrangement of control points on the accuracy was relatively small in case of the Metric WILD P31 and ASAHI PENTAX 6$\times$7 cameras, where as for errors it was a major factor in the Non-metric Nikon FM2. To overcome these defects, at least 6 control points should be used for the errors to be convergent and they should be distributed evenly over the surveying area. It was found that accuracy increased as the object to be photographed was placed in the perpendicular direction to the axis of camera.