• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.392-400
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to estimate the recognition of ex-prisoners and experts on rehabilitation programs and family support programs by Korea Rehabilitation Agency, which plays a responsible role in promoting social reintegration. Estimation and comparison method was used to assess between the efficiency and the importance of the rehabilitation business which was respectively recognized by ex-prisoners and experts. The subjects of this study who have received the support from the agency were composed, and the effectiveness was identified. In addition, to measure the importance of the rehabilitation business, a group of experts were made up of professors, the agency employees, and correctional officers with expertise and experience of this field of reintegration and recidivism. Collected data were shown in quadrants by setting preference and importance on each axis through IPA. As a result, there was a significant difference between the preference and importance, and based on this result, the discussion was suggested in relation to the rehabilitation business and family support business.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.329-351
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• 2007

This study analyzes the changes in individual local government's social spending from 1995 to 2004 in South Korea. Using the pooled time-series and cross-sectional data of 226 basic-level local governments, the resulting analyses of an error correction model are very interesting: First, a rising local population led to an immediate increase in social spending; Secondly, local governments gradually increased social spending when the elderly ratio had been high, but the levels of social spending in the previous year and local economy related spending level had been low. Thirdly, there were no spending changes associated with local elections and partisan politics. Fourthly, both cooperative and competitive intergovernmental relations had the most significant effect on the social spending and reduced geographical disparities in the level of spending across localities. In conclusion, this study suggests that we establish a more comprehensive intergovernmental network which lead to territorial justice in social welfare.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.63-69
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• 2001

Cleft lip and/or palate(CLP) is the most common congenital deformity in the craniofacial region. For a practical public health system for these patients it is necessary to have an understanding on the prevalence of CLP. However, it was difficult to estimate the exact number of CLP patients due to problems in sample selection, higher miscarriage and still birth rate, difficulty in classification, and adoptions to foreign countries. Therefore this study was to estimate the prevalence of CLP and the rate of orthodontic treatment, which is usually necessary in cleft lip and/or palate patients. The samples consisted of 218,322 Korean male adults from Seoul, Kwangju, Taegu and Pusan, all born in 1979. The screening method for recognizing the CLP patients was proceeded in steps and the results are as follows. 1. The prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate in Korean male adults born in 1979 was 0.65 out of the 1000 samples. 2. In the anteroposterior aspect of the 1000 samples, the prevalence of cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate was 0.26, 0.36 and 0.03 respectively. 3. In the transverse aspect of the 1000 samples, the prevalence of left, right and bilateral cleft was 0.35, 0.16, 0.12 respectively. The cleft in the left showed a much higher prevalence than in the rirht, while bilateral cleft showed a lower prevalence than unilateral cleft. 4. The orthodontic treatment rate of Korean male adults among cleft lip and/or palate Patients was $35\%$, and it was in the order of cleft lip and Palate, cleft lip, and cleft Palate, being $67\%,\;29\%\;and\;29\%$ respectively. The orthodontic treatment rate in patients with the more severe cleft lip and palate was higher than in patients solely having cleft lip or cleft palate.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study, eye-health inequity was investigated by analyzing the relationship between household incomes and eye-health of senior citizens. Further, this study suggested the preliminary data for establishment of public eye-health policy in order to improve low income senior citizens' life quality. Methods: The data from the 2009 Survey of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination were analyzed in this study. The objectives of the KNHNE survey were over 65 year old group (1,668 people). Main factors of eye-health (visual acuity, cataract, pterygium, intraocular pressure, retinophathy, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinophathy, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia prevalence) were analyzed with t-test and chi square test. Results: Low income group revealed that refractive error rate and intraocular pressure were low, however, naked eye visual acuity and corrected visual acuity were high at 0.1 to less than 0.5. On the other hands, in the high income group, there was high prevalence of hyperopia. Cataract mainly occurred at low income group besides group which maximum corrected visual acuity was below 0.8 also highly showed cataract. Moreover, the prevalence of cataract showed that it related with smoking, drinking, occupation, and education level. Conclusions: Results revealed that there was inequity of eye-health which related with socioeconomic status of the elderly. Especially, the prevalence of cataract was correlated with life quality. Consequently, establishment of public eye-health policy seems to be required for eye-health inequity of low income senior citizens.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

Purpose: This study calculated the prevalence of cataract in Korean and examined corrected eyesight with different types of opacification of crystalline lens. Methods: Using the data of the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES), population-based and cross-sectional research were designed in this study. After dividing total 4,977 persons into different groups by age, from 40 to 95 and by sex, the prevalence of cataract with different types of opacification was investigated. The average age of the total subjects was $58.28{\pm}12.07$, and the number of men and women were 2,142(43.0%) and 2,835(57.0%), repectively. Eyesight was calculated when it was less than 0.63. Results: Among total 4,977 subjects, 40.6% (men 17.5%, women 23.1%) had cataract. Different prevalence rates were found with different types of cataract; nuclear cataract (56.3%), cortical cataract (23.4%), mixed cataract (16.2%), anterior subcapsular(3.0%), and posterior subcapsular (1.1%) in order. There was no difference among men and women by the types. And those in their 40's showed a higher prevalence of cortical cataract than those in the other age groups. Most of subjects whose corrected eyesight is less than 0.63 had anterior subcapsular cataract. Conclusions: The type of cataract having the highest prevalence was nuclear opacity. Moreover, epidemiologic investigation and prevention policy with different type of lens opacity seems to be required.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the congnitive degree of dental subjects and general pubic who have an experience to be treated for their teeth on the dental knowledge, operative dentistry, and dental prothesis in the oral health care through the questionnaires. The results are as follows: 1. In the knowledge on the care of dental prothetic stuff, there isn't any significant difference, but the degree of therapeutic knowledge was significantly high as showing 71.6% in I can prevent a gingivits;(P<0.01) Therefore, they have well known an importance of prevention. 2. In the knowledge on the orthodontics, it was appeared to cure their teeth due to an esthetic reason(47.9%). There is not any significance in the Statisics, but it appeared the relatively high knowledge in the time and period of orthodontics(P<0.01) 3. In the congnition on the necessity of dental prothesis, it appeared relatively high, but 'Be necessary' didn't show the significance as 77.2%. The proferance to dental prothesis material showed the similar difference of porcelain(45.6%) and gold(43.7%), and the moderns tend to ptefer porcelain teeth similar to the color of matural teeth in the modern, getting out of the existing cognition of preferring the gold. Accordingly it is considered to be preferentialy necessary the motivae the general public for the oral thealth education on the dental knowledge, operative dentistry, and dental prothesis the knowledge and practice of general public have an important effect upon the oral health as the abovementioned results.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.155-194
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• 2009

The Korean economy successfully overcame the macroeconomic downturns driven from the Asian financial crisis in a very short period of time. The economic shock, however, generated a variety of social problems, one of which was the increase in felonies (homicides, robbery, rape, and arson), or degradation of public safety. We argue that the Korean criminal policy has not been effective to ameliorate the rising trends in crime caused by the financial crisis. In order to substantiate this claim, we assess the effectiveness of criminal policy: policing, sentencing, and corrections. First, there has been resource shortage in policing since the 1997 financial crisis. For the past ten years, the investment of human resource and budget in the police has been virtually stagnant, as well as in prosecutors' investigation activities. The insufficient resource allocation in policing caused a huge decline in arrest rates and prosecution rates. Second, the Korean judicial system has not increased the severity of punishment. Comparing the pre- and the post-financial crisis period, the average length of prison sentence by the courts has declined. Given the degrading in the quality of crime and the decreasing amount of inputs into the policing and prosecution, the government should have increased the severity of punishment to deter crime. Third, we found that the government hired more officers and allocated larger budget into prison and probation. However, it is difficult to suggest that the increased level of resources in correctional programs have been effective in preventing released prisoners from committing future crimes. This is because the number of repeat offenders convicted of more than a third offense increased dramatically since 1997, pushing felonies upward. In sum, the government organizations failed to respond respectively or to make coordinated actions, eventually causing a dramatic increase in crimes. This research brings explicit policy implications. In order to prevent possible additional degradation of public safety, the government must put more efforts into increasing the effectiveness of policy and to investing more resources into said policies. We also emphasize the importance of the institutional mechanisms which foster policy coordination among the Police, the Prosecutor's Office, the Ministry of Justice, and other relevant government organizations.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.1 s.108
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• pp.69-81
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• 2005

As one of the variations in growth and development of the craniofacial complex. malocclusion shows lack of concordance In the recognition and severity of malocclusion for dentists as well as the acceptance and need of orthodontic treatment for the patient The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the relationships between objective malocclusion severity aid subjective treatment difficulty. 2) to evaluate the effect of malocclusion components to the subjective perceived difficulty of treatment. 3) to establish the weighted values of malocclusion components to reflect the treatment difficulty 100 pairs of dental casts with the general characteristics of malocclusion. were selected from the orthodontic departments of Kyunghee University and Samsuug Medical Center. The severity of malocclusion was evaluated by the author with the PAR index The perceived treatment difficulty and the estimated treatment duration on these dental models were evaluated by 8 experienced orthodontists. The relationships between the objective malocclusion severity and the subjective treatment difficulty were statistically evaluated. and the weighted values of malocclusion components to reflect treatment difficulty were statistically formulated. There were significant relationships between objective malocclusion severity and subjective treatment difficulty The malocclusion components which significantly affected the treatment difficulty and their weighted values in parentheses were as follows upper anterior alignment(1). overbite (2). buccal occlusion (3) middline (4), and overjet (5). This study Provides the fundamental principle to evaluate the objective malocclusion severity which is reflected by the subjective treatment difficulty of Korean orthodontists.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.312-319
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• 2009

The purpose of the paper is to offer an analysis of adult probationers and their recidivism and to suggest a policy to prevent recidivism. Various data analysis methods like frequency analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to determine which of a second offense factors and recidivism included in initial data investigation could effectively explain or forecast reference values. This study focused on identifying relations associated with follow-up misconducts of adults under probation, and supposing that those factors could be associated with their second offenses. But it failed to yield so much significant findings. Nevertheless, this study has its own significance in a sense that it explored various risk factors and desires of adults under probation according to empirical data, and suggested formulated measures useful in practice to select and categorize appropriate treatments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2021.07a
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• pp.1-2
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• 2021

3D NAND 플래시 메모리는 플래너(2D) NAND 셀을 적층하는 방식으로 단위 면적당 고용량을 제공한다. 하지만 적층 공정의 특성상 각 레이어별 또는 셀 위치에 따라 오류 발생 빈도가 달라질 수 있는 문제가 있다. 이와 같은 현상은 플래시 메모리의 쓰기/지우기(P/E) 횟수가 증가할 수록 두드러진다. SSD와 같은 대부분의 플래시 기반 저장장치는 오류 교정을 위하여 ECC를 사용한다. 이 방법은 모든 플래시 메모리 페이지에 대하여 고정된 보호 강도를 제공하므로 물리적 위치에 따라 에러 발생률이 각기 다르게 나타나는 3D NAND 플래시 메모리에서는 한계를 보인다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 오류 발생률 차이를 보이는 페이지와 레이어를 분류하여 각 영역별로 차별화된 보호강도를 적용한다. 우리는 페이지와 레이어별로 오류 발생률이 현저하게 달라지는 3K P/E 사이클에서 측정된 오류율을 바탕으로 페이지와 레이어를 분류하고 오류에 취약한 영역에 대해서는 패리티 데이터를 추가하여 차별화된 보호 강도를 제공한다. 오류 발생 횟수에 따른 영역 구분을 위하여 K-Means 머신러닝 알고리즘을 사용한다. 우리는 이와 같은 차별화된 보호정책이 3D NAND 플래시 메모리의 신뢰성과 수명향상에 기여할 수 있는 가능성을 보인다.