• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.250-256
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• 1994

Flight behavior of Mntsucoccus thunbergianae males and their response to the synthetic sex pheromone, (6R.lOR)-matsuone, were studied in Pinus thunbergiana forests More males were flying around the tree crown than near the ground. A dispenser loaded w~th 50 vg of the pheromone appeared to affect the density of male flights less than 10 meters Sticky traps with 50 pg of the pheromone attracted flylng males, but those with 1 pg were not effectwe in a forest wlth high crown closure, more males were tmpped at upper crown level than near the ground whereas males appeared to be more responsive to pheromone near the ground in a forest with low crown closure Monitoring new scale iniestations with pheromone mps was much more effective than egg sac surveys, the customary detecting procedures Maiing disruption was not achieved by placing 32 mg of pheromone m a space of l X l X l meter.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is a serious pest on apples. To control this pest in an environmentally friendly method, mating disruption strategy using sex pheromone has been developed. Area-wide application of mating disruption has been needed to be effective, with little understanding on how much size of apple cultivating area should be treated in one time application of the mating disruption technique. On this matter, we needed to determine a minimal mating active zone of G. molesta that should be applied with mating disrupters to be effective. Molecular markers to discriminate a specific population should be developed to trace population migration for reproductive behaviors. Here we developed two effective molecular markers using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Different field populations of G. molesta, based on locations and seasons, were analyzed with these markers. In a specific location, G. molesta populations varied in genetic composition with different seasons. Different local populations showed differential variation according to their relative distances among apple orchards. In overall, genetic variation among different populations became lessen with progression of seasons.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2022

Numerous insect pests threaten the Korean orchard industry through feeding on various tissues of fruit trees. Generally, the control of economically important orchard pests is based on the use of chemical insecticides. Owing to growing concerns regarding the environmental and human health effects of insecticides, environment-friendly pest control strategies are urgently needed. Pheromones of orchard pests could lead to an environmentally safe control system based on mating disruption or mass trapping. This review summarizes the functions and compounds of known pheromones from 51 orchard pests in Korea. The pheromones identified to date from 14 species in the families Miridae, Aphididae, Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae, Rutelidae, Cecidomyiidae, and Eurytomidae and 26 species in the order Lepidoptera are female-produced sex pheromones that attract only males. In contrast, all known examples for 11 species in the families Alydidae, Pentatomidae, Thripidae and Cerambycidae are male-produced aggregation pheromones that attract both sexes. Research on pheromones in new pests, kairomones in key orchard pests, mating disruption dispensers to generate prolonged release of the pheromones, and trap design and trap location for mass trapping will be required for the expanded use of pheromones and other semiochemicals in orchard pest management in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2020

Pheromone-based techniques are becoming a viable strategy of insect pest management as facilitated by the exponential increase in numbers of pheromone identifications from many insect pests. This is the report on the efficacy of pheromone-mediated chemical communication disruption (PCD) technique against the Korean population of smaller clearwing moths, Synanthedon tenuis (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) using its female sex pheromone component, (Z, Z)-3, 13-octadecadien-1-ol. The PCD trials were carried out four times during 2016 and 2017 in persimmon orchards located at Suncheon and Jinju Cities in Korea, and the PCD efficacy was expressed as the mean differences in the seasonal catches of S. tenuis males in the PCD and control plots. The seasonal male moth catches in monitoring traps installed in the PCD plots were significantly lower as compared with those installed in the control plots. Consequently, the PCD efficacy in the experimental orchards ranged from 95.2-100% with an average efficacy of 98.8 ± 1.2%, revealing a future possibility of pheromone-based management of S. tenuis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2012

Some high frequency sounds alter physiological processes of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. This study investigated the effect of ultrasound (${\geq}$ 20 kHz) on larval feeding, pupal development, and adult mating behavior of S. exigua. Ultrasound suppressed feeding behavior of fifth instar larvae, and 30 or 45 kHz treatment inhibited more than 50% of feeding activity. Larvae treated with ultrasound exhibited alterations in major nutrient compositions in the hemolymph plasma. Plasma protein levels decreased with an increase in ultrasound frequency. In contrast, sugar levels increased with an increase in ultrasound frequency. Lipid levels increased with an increase in ultrasound frequency up to 30 kHz and then decreased at treatments > 30 kHz. Hemocytes, the fat body, and epidermis expressed three heat shock proteins and apolipophorin III. Ultrasound treatment markedly inhibited expression of some stress-related genes. Ultrasound treatment also inhibited S. exigua pupal development by extending the pupal developmental period and preventing adult emergence. Last, ultrasound treatment significantly inhibited adult mating behavior, which resulted in a significant decrease in female fecundity. These results show that ultrasound is a physiological stress to S. exigua.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2013

Mating disruption experiments were evaluated and compared in several pheromone traps and sex pheromone composition ratios at commercial chestnut garden for developing alternative control method of D. punctiferalis. The highest attractive was shown in Delta traps at the effective sex pheromone ratio of 75:25 (E10-16:A1:Z10-16:A1). Comparisons of domestic and imported pheromone constituents were not significant difference in 90:10 (E10-16:A1:Z10-16:A1). But, there was significant difference in sex pheromone ratio of 75:25. D. punctiferalis was caught the highest number in Gongju area for attractive test using pheromone trap. Attractive effects with dose of pheromone were showed the highest at 2.5 mg/lure and 1 mg/lure in Gongju area and Cheongyang area respectively. However, there was no significant difference among pheromone dose in Buyeo area. These data could be useful for eco-friendly managing of D. punctiferalis in the chestnut farm.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2017

Two major sex pheromone components (Z-8-dodecenyl acetate and E-8-dodecenyl acetate) are known in the peach fruit moth, Grapholita molesta. From a putative biosynthetic pathway of these sex pheromone components, delta 10 desaturase ($10{\Delta}$ DES) has been proposed to play a crucial role in synthesizing a species-specific stereoisomer of the double bond. However, its molecular identity was not known. This study determined a putative desaturase (Gm-comp1575) as a $10{\Delta}$ DES candidate from G. molesta transcriptome constructed from the sex pheromone gland. Its open reading frame encodes 370 amino acid sequence with a predicted molecular weight at 43.2 kDa and isoelectric point at 8.77. It was predicted to have four transmembrane domains and six glycosylation sites at N-terminal or cytosolic domains. A phylogenetic analysis with its predicted amino acid sequence indicated that Gm-comp1575 is closely related with known $10{\Delta}$ DES genes of other insects. Gm-comp1575 transcript was detected in female adults at sex pheromone gland and other abdominal tissues. RNA interference of Gm-comp1575 significantly reduced attractiveness of virgin females in apple orchard compared to control females. These results suggest that Gm-comp1575 is associated with sex pheromone biosynthesis of G. molesta.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2007

Three active components (Z8-12:Ac, E8-12:Ac, and Z8-12:OH) are known in sex pheromone of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, and have been commercially available to apply for population monitoring and mating disruption. However, there have been variation among commercial products in pheromone composition and amount impregnated in each pheromone releaser. This study was performed to optimize factors influencing on pheromone monitoring of G. molesta by analyzing pheromone composition/amount, effective period of releaser, and trap type/placement in apple trees. High purity of Z8-12:Ac component was effective to attract males, in which 96% or more of cis acetate isomer component appeared to be optimal composition. Pheromone amounts ($0.01-1\;{\mu}g$) impregnated in each rubber dispenser did not give significant effect on monitoring during 90 days from June to August. "Delta" trap was much more efficient than "cone" trap to collect males. Trap installation was another factor, in which placing traps at canopy level was much efficient than at trunk or ground levels. Pheromone trap monitoring with these optimal factors indicated three to four adult peaks from June to September in addition to high overwintering population from April to May in pesticide-applied orchards in Andong, Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.311-321
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• 1994

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ground and foliar sprinkling of natural water for control of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, by disturbing the reproductive behavior of adults such as copulation and oviposition. Diurnal ground spray for whole area application and foliar spray for single tree treatment were tested at day time during the period of adult emergence. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The population density of overwintering larvae in soil was not affected by the water spray during the adult emergence period. 2. Spraying the water showed no effect on the whole period and number of adult emergence, but retarded early emergence and facilitated Late emergence. The difference in the emerging time by 50% emergence day was approximately 7 days. 3. Ground spray was significantly different from control in gall formation rates but was not sufficient for effective control. As a single-tree treatment, the foliar spray was found to be highly effective for control of the pine needle gall midge, Average gall formation of spray plots and untreated ones were 2.6% and 38%, respectively ; control value exceeded 90%. 4. Ground spray of water was not effective in reducing larvae in gall of needle. Foliar spray, however, reduced 45% of larval numbers. 5. Foliar spray accelerated shoot growth by 15%-18%. 6. Foliar spray was highly effective for the control of sucking insects, such as mites and aphids on pine trees.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.603-617
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• 2017

The occurrence and management of disease and pests in six organic peach orchards were surveyed from March 2015 to March 2017. In this period, the number of certified organic and non-chemical peach farms increased to 65.5% and 31.7%, respectively. Certified organic peach farms were selected based on more than $4,000m^2$ of cultivation area and three tons of production, and their cultivation status was examined. All of the farms were either cultivated green manure crop or sod, and limited vegetation control to a minimum. For the management of soil nutrients, many farmers used livestock manure, oilcake and self-manufacturing liquid fertilizer. It was surveyed that bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur, pheromone for mating disruption of moths and plant extract were used for disease and pest control. The damage caused by the pests and diseases were 31.6% and 24.1%, respectively. The oriental fruit moth showed the highest damage rate (13.5%) in the organic peach orchards, followed by the brown rot (13.0%), peach fruit moth (7.3%) and bacterial shot hole (7.3%).