• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.43
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• pp.203-230
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• 2014

Education system of Korea faced to enterance examination of universities in modern capitalism society. Education authority is confused by this, and then schools lost their goal for education. Mu-Wi in "Tao Te Ching" of Lao-tzu in one of Chinese old philosophers and ${\kappa}{\varepsilon}vo{\varsigma}$ of "Philippians" 2:6-11 give important meanings to modern people. Mu-Wi is anti-meaning of Jak-Wi or In-Wi, and means doing with natural state. This means that politicians do follow natural rule returing Jak-Wi or In-Wi to Mu-Wi in society with Jak-Wi or In-Wi. In addition, the meaning of ${\kappa}{\varepsilon}vo{\varsigma}$ is to love and serve people for calling of mankind from God through Jesus who gave himself to death in the society with hate and Jealous. It is great lesson of the saint and gives valuable and important meaning in education reality of Korea.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

Occur in various parts of the world and the new aspects of the regional conflict is spreading. Nation and civilization, one based on religious ideology, hegemonic tendencies areas of conflict are factors that appear. It has the characteristic that inheritance and conflict between civilizations is spreading. Christian and Islamic books, especially the confrontation and conflict is surfaced in the international political aspects, and a threat to the security of the human race is approaching. To assert the superiority of Western Christianity emerging countries, the salvation of mankind and world peace mission with the historical non-democracy, human rights, women's rights, underdevelopment, nuclear issues, and the spirit of Christian civilization, considered to be linked and reverse, Democracy Launching and human rights issues are forcing Western development model. Islam believes in absolute monotheism that God Lord only determined by the 'slave' and having the determination to serve the religious, political, social and cultural nature ingrained, and closely adjacent to each other geographically, to focus on in quency characteristics higher than the other civilizations are appearing. To assert the doctrine of non-violent Islam 'Koran' and 'knife' became known as the violent images appear in the armed conflict between the culture method. Today the world is facing a clash of civilizations is derived from the religious conflicts and confrontation and friction between the nations appear. In particular, the deep religious roots of Christianity and Islam, the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the right to live in strife confrontation between Christianity and Islam was spread. By a factor of civilization and the spread of terrorism occurred historically proven came here from all over the earth that is being generated is true. Civilization are the symbol of the nation and the species identity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.581-593
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye-fixation times on different parts of a student avatar and the virtual presence with two scenarios in the virtual reality-based teaching simulation. This study was to identify user attention while he or she is interacting with a student avatar. By examining where a user is gazing during a conversation with the avatar, we have a better understanding of non-verbal communication. For this study, forty-five college students (21 females and 24 males) participated in the experiment. They had a conversation with a student avatar in a virtual reality-based teaching simulation. The participants had verbal interactions with the student avatar with two scenarios. While they were having a conversation with the virtual character in the teaching simulation, their eye-movements were collected through a head-mounted display with an eye-tracking function embedded. The results revealed that there were significant differences in eye-fixation times. Participants gazed a longer time on facial expression than any other area. The fixation time on the facial expression was more prolonged than on gestures (F=3.75, p<.05). However, the virtual presence was not significantly different in two scenario levels. This result suggested that users focus on the face more than the gesture when they emotionally interact with the virtual character.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.137-166
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze and present the achievements and challenges of the 70th year of the Korean Federation of Teachers' Association (KFTA). The KFTA was founded in 1947 as the Chosun Education Association, and it was the 70th anniversary of its founding in 2017. Throughout its 70?year history, the KFTA, which has emphasized and promoted expertise and professionalism, has continued to improve the professionalism of the teaching profession through research, improve the socio?economic status of teachers, and expand the welfare system in order to improve the quality of teaching and teaching environment. In addition, the KFTA contributed to the development of national education by participating in educational policies to improve education system and educational environment, as well as activities as a professional organization, and has promoted international status through the promotion of international exchange. After analyzing the academic literature and KFTA related data diachronically, this research suggested achievements and challenges as three aspects: the status as teachers' professional organizations, the activities as interests and pressure groups, and the activities as professional organizations.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.58
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• pp.245-278
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• 2018

The paper has focused on examining the sense of educational process in the light of Xugua zhuan[序卦傳], the Sequence of the Hexagrams as one among Ten Wings in I Ching, particularly on the 11 Iching-hexagrams from ch'ien[乾] to t'ai[泰]. The process involved in this part of the Book of Change can be recognized as both the micro and macro levels, which can eventually leads us to construct the circular system of thought[環相型]. This gives us a possibility to consider the values of education beyond the dualism such as intrinsic and extrinsic as well as traditional and progressive ones. Particularly some crucial defects from child-centered education have been critically examined so that the concept of education can be taken seriously in the light of the teacher-side. Thus this provides us a necessity to dub 'education' as '敎育', not as '兒育' in the Oriental context. As shown in the paper, the cosmic dual forces of I Ching also enables us to dissolve some conflicts arisen in the educational welfare system and situations, and then shows us why we should respect for the teachers' stances though we have to consider the interests of children to be educated. Thus we need to re-examine the content of the Book in the link with the Western systems of educational theory.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.72
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• pp.341-366
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• 2022

In Korean society, church once witnessed the period of its being considered light and salt. After the liberation, Korean church bestowed Jesus Christ's love to underprivileged neighbors in the industrialization process and organized practical participation activities for human rights and democratization. Nonetheless, church was sunken into quantitative growth without having qualitative growth. As church was cited as the epicenter of the spreading COVID-19, the image of selfish church has started receiving attention and there has appeared a criticism for immoral church tendency, which brought low trust about church. These things are resulted from church's failure to undertake its role with responsibility, in society. Such as this, church has lost its identity as the model of the Kingdom of God. In such a situation, church needs to remind itself of the enlightenment of the Ecumenical Movement, in order to recover trust and perform its mission. The Ecumenical Movement means accomplishing unification of the universe through a renewed church. This movement is aimed to create the earth as 'where humans can stay' and to consider the sustainability of mankinds. This purpose of this study is to examine political activities conducted for responsible participation in the church world and to find the way for church roles in this world. This researcher will attempt to investigate educational methods to help Christians in this world take full responsibility given to them, through an educational discussion about Christianity made in this context. This educational attempt means, in other words, political affairs also.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.299-317
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• 2008

The school drop-out among the youth has grown to become a serious social problem since about 2000 and calls for an attention to its seriousness. Therefore, this study reviewed the statitistical reports and the previous empirical findings on the school drop-out and integrated to establish a comprehensive understanding of this social phenomenon. The main concepts and terminologies on school drop-out, the current statistics, the possible causal factors and the usual trajectory the youth take after dropping-out of school were discussed to conceptualize the issue. Analyses indicated 12 characteristics of the students who dropped out of school. Those 12 characteristics were restructured according to the ecological conceptual model. The social instability and the financial crisis in the 1990's has eroded the stability of the primary environments of adolescents such as family and school. The family breakdowns from divorce and other reasons weakened psychological and financial support for adolescents. The diminished authority of teachers and school over students exposed conflicts between teacher and students, students' loss of purpose and interest in academic attainment. The adolescents showed emotional reponses like increased level of depression, helplessness, aggression, indicated cognitive reponses such as the loss of purpose and interest in studying, a heightened sense of uncertainty of the future, and behavioral responses like sexual acting out behaviors, and bullying. The unmet psychological needs of adolescents result in run-away and school drop-out behaviors, which in turn progress into juvenile delinquency as the society fails to provide adequate and appropriate guidance and interventions. The intervention strategies at the national level were proposed and the limitations of the study were discussed.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.66
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• pp.179-208
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• 2021

Due to COVID-19, the entire world is facing the unprecedented phenomenon. Amid the threat of the virus, the global community is struggling for life. In such circumstances, churches in Korea have been criticised as selfish groups threatening the community by spreading the virus. With such criticism, they are disregarded by Korean society because their immorality and exclusive attitude towards other religions and cultures were also mentioned in public. There are many reasons for Korean churches to lose trust from people. One of the reasons for that is the quantitative growth of church and expansion of the power of church, which is a direction that has been practised so far as a missionary goal. The zeal for spreading gospel has undermined the trust of church and become a deteriorating factor for mission, which is irony. In such problematic situations, the change of paradigm is required for new mission. The passion for evangelisation should not only focus on the quantitative growth of church; it should change its direction for serving the world in lieu with the plan of God for the activity of redemption on this land. A hint of such mission can be found in ecumenical mission. Ecumenical mission is a new paradigm which was discussed in ecumenical movement led mainly by WCC, and its aim is to participate in activities of redemption of God for life in this world. Christian education has been a tool for the expansion of Christian power in the context of traditional mission. Reflecting on the role of Christian education as such, the change of direction as practical movement for the kingdom of God was tried in ecumenical movement: the beginning of the discussion of Christian education based on ecumenical mission. Due to exclusivity, aggressive mission, and the excessive attention to the system of ecclesiastical authority rather than life, Korean churches, which have lost trust in this society, should recover themselves as the model of the kingdom of God, and the establishment of mission education based on ecumenical mission is required for them to become a community towards life. Furthermore, this is an urgent task for Korean churches to implement such mission education in a church community.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.35
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• pp.309-334
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• 2012

This study attempts to study in what form Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty has existed and discuss the contents and characteristics of ideological aspects forming the foundation of private Taoism. While Guan Yu Belief(關帝信仰) in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty is a folk belief focusing on Guan Yu, Seoneumjeulgyo(善陰?敎) and Musangdan(無相壇) are religious groups with organization. In case of Seoneumjeulgyo(善陰?敎), 'Seoneumjeul' contains perspective of Tian(天觀) of Confucianism but the ascetic practice method is to practice by reciting the name of the Buddha and the targets of a belief are Gwanje, Munchang, Buwoo. This shows the unified phenomenon of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism of Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty. Guan Yu Belief started at the national level led by the royal family of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ after Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was firmly settled in non-official circles. Guan Yu in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty is expressed as the incarnation of loyalty and filial piety as well as God controlling life, death and fate. As this divine power and empowerment were spreading as scriptures among people, Guan Yu Belief was settled as a target to defeat the evil and invoke a blessing. Seoneumjeulgyo is the religious group that imitated 'Paekryunsa(白蓮社)' of Ming Qing time of China. Seoneumjeulgyo emphasized 'sympathy' with God through chanting. And it expressed writing written in the state of religious ecstasy as 'Binan(飛鸞).' Binan is also called as revelation and means to be revealed from heaven in the state united with God. Seoneumjeulgyo pursued the state united with God through a recitation of a spell and made scriptures written in the state united with God as its central doctrine. Musangdan published and spread Nanseo(鸞書,Book written by the revelation from God) and Seonso(善書) while worshipping Sam Sung Je Kun(三聖帝君). The scriptures of Folk Taoismin the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty can be roughly divided into Nanseo(鸞書) and Seonso(善書). Nanseo is a book written by the revelation from God and Seonso is a book to the standards of good deeds and encourage a person to do them such as Taishangganyingbian(太上感應篇) and Gonghwagyuk(功過格). The characteristics of Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty are as follows. First, a shrine of Guan Yu built for political reasons played a central role of Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty. Second, specific private Taoist groups such as Temple $Myory{\breve{o}}nsa$ and Musangdan appeared in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty. These are Nandan Taoism(鸞壇道敎) that pursued the unity of God through 'sympathy' with God. Third, private Taoism of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ was influenced by the unity of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism with private Taoism in the Qing Dynasty of China and religious organization form etc. Fourth, the Folk Taoism scriptures of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ are divided into Nanseo and Seonso and Nanseo directly made in $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ is expected to be the key to reveal the characteristics of Folk Taoism.