• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.78-86
• /
• 2009

Recently, there seems to besome problems in the urban visual landscape as a result of continuous economic growth and industrial development. At the same time, the public has begun to be aware of the importance of visual resources, and the necessity for visual landscape conservation and improvement. Therefore, the development of evaluative indicators for systematic visual landscape planning and design is urgent. The purpose ofthis study is to discover evaluative models and indicators for the diagnosis of urban visual landscapes. This study included the selection of 18 physical indicators(statistical data) by literature reviews, adoption of field and questionnaire surveys at 12 autonomous districts in Seoul and surrounding major mountain valleys and river streams(i.e. Mt. Nam and Han-River). The content of the questionnaire is scenic beauty. Moreover, the linear regression analysis between the scenic beauty mean scores and the physical indicator scores figure out the scenic beauty prediction model. As this study suggests, the most important indicators in urban visual landscapes are 'Greens', 'Park' and 'the number of apartment buildings(higher than 20 stories).' Based on the results, greens and parks should be priority elements to considerin urban landscape planning and design. Moreover, since the number of apartment buildings that are higher than 20 stories has a negative correlation with the scenic beauty score, it can be used as basic data for landscape planning. For the scenic beauty prediction models and evaluative indicators suggest a direction of urban management, each indicator becomes basic data for visual landscape planning and design. In following studies, if physical indicators and case studies are added, the scenic beauty prediction models and evaluative indicators could be more synthetic and systematic. Moreover, the development of physical indicators in three dimensions(3D)(i.e. results from visual district analysis, view surface analysis) could be expected to obtain more general and varied results.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.64 no.2
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 2020

The study aimed to investigate in vitro lipid deposition of oleic acid, oleic acid methyl ester and cholesterol on a daily disposable (1-day lenses) and 3-days lenses over 3 days and changes of optical characteristics is also investigated. Artificial tear solutions were prepared to simulate actual tear compositions. Two types of contact lenses (1-day lenses (Senofilcon A) and 3-days lenses (silicone tripolymer)) were soaked in the artificial tear solutions within an incubator at 37 ℃ with 150 rpm for 8, 16, 24 hours. Lipid deposition (oleic acid, oleic acid methyl ester and cholesterol) were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument. In addition, measurements of oxygen transmissibility, light transmittance and observation of lens surface were conducted. The amount of lipid deposition on the 1-day lenses were 127.55 ㎍/lens for Day 1, 302.96 ㎍/lens, for Day 2, and 353.30 ㎍/lens for Day 3. The 3-days lenses were 46.22 ㎍/lens for Day 1, 66.07 ㎍/lens for Day 2, and 67.45 ㎍/lens for Day 3. Oxygen transmissibility were 81×10^-9(cm/sec)(ml O₂/ml×mmHg)(Baseline) and 48×10^-9(cm/sec)(ml O₂/ml×mmHg) (Day 3) for the 1-day lenses, it were 13.23×10^-9(cm/sec)(ml O₂/ml×mmHg)(Baseline) and 9.6×10^-9(cm/sec)(ml O₂/ml×mmHg) (Day 3) for the 3-days lenses. Transmittance of each lenses were 97.21% (Baseline) and 94.25% (Day 3) for the 1-day lenses, 97.65% (Baseline) and 95.15% (Day 3) for the 3-days lenses. Observation of surface deposition indicated greatest deposition for the 3-days lenses type on Day 3. Lipid deposition for both lens types increased by day and was greater for the 1-day lenses type. Surface deposition appeared to differ as it was greatest for the 3 days lens type, which may suggest other deposits such as protein may be present.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2009

This study was aimed at assess environmental conservation functions by analyzing the change of land use areas in agricultural fields between 1999 and 2006, and comparing land surface temperature distribution between 1994 and 2006 in Yongin city. Land use maps of Yongin city were obtained from soil maps for 1999, Quickbird satellite images(less than 1 m) and parcel map for 2006. The land use area for Yongin city was in the order of forest > paddy field > upland > residence & building in 1999, and forest > residence & building > paddy field > upland in 2006. Decrease of paddy and upland fields reduced 34% and 41% of the capability of agricultural multifunctionality as to environment including flood control, groundwater recharge, and air cooling. Land surface temperature(LST) was derived from Landsat TM thermal infrared band acquired in September of 1994 and 2006 and classified into three grades. The results impplied that green vegetation in agricultural field and forest play an important role to reduce land surface temperature in warm season.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.214-219
• /
• 2005

As part of Korean retinal prosthesis project, we have provided preliminary experimental results regarding voltage parameters for the stimulation of chemically degenerated rabbit retina. Since our APB-treated chemically degenerated retina is only ON-pathway blocked, now we switch our experiments to more appropriate retinal degeneration model, genetically degenerated retina model (RD mouse: rd/rd (C3H/HeJ)). Before studying with RD mouse, we started control experiments with normal SD rat to understand characteristics of retinal ganglion ceil activity with postnatal maturation in rodents. Ganglion cell activities were recorded with 8${\times}$8 multi-electrode array. Moving spontaneous bursts appeared until postnatal day of 15. During pre-eye opening period, no light evoked response appeared. After postnatal day of 2 weeks (post-eye opening period), ON-, OFF- and ON/OFF response appeared. The fractional distributions of ON, OFF, and ON/OFF ganglion cell is about $40\%,\;50\%$, and $5\%$. The percentage ($\%$) of light evoked response in each dorso-temporal, ventral, and dorso-nasal area of eye is about $50\%,\;37.5\%$ and $12.5\%$, respectively. We concluded that the optimal period for experiment in rodent is about postnatal day of 2${\~}$3 weeks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 1978

Elder-berries are economical plants and grown commercially in the United States. Most of the crop is sold to processors and made into natural colour, jellies, jam, port wine or elder berry wine, elder berry juice or used to manufacture of pie mixes. Processors are showing increasing interest in cultivation elder berries. In the present study was wish to find the effect of various factors and practical methods on the processing for the true fruit colour made from fresh elder berries juice as the clearing by the treated pectinase, added sugar, vaccum concentration, extraction of anthocyanosid powder and its property with used prospects. In this study obtained results can be summarized as follows. 1. Pectinase is useful and effected to make clear juice from fresh elder berry juice treated on the $34{\sim}45^{\circ}C$. 2. P.V.C. drum is most useful stored without unfading for clearing elderberry juice and its exposed redish dark purple colour. 3. Clearing elderberry juice stored in the stainless steel drum, changed colour from redish dark purple to dark violets during the stored at the room temperature. 4. Added sugar (Brix $48{\sim}53^{\circ}C$) to the fresh elderberry juice is useful and suitable prospects for to make home juice and wine. 5. The elderberry juice of vaccum concentration is change colour from dark purple to black brown colour during the stored at the room temperature. 6. Its possible to make anthocyanosid powder extracted made from fresh elderberry juice 7. Property of anthocyanosid is an follows. 1) The spectrum of elderberries juice is $523{\sim}530m{\mu}$ 2) The colouring stability is less than $pH_4$ 3) The colouring stability by the heating is less than $pH_4$, and then the more than $pH_4$ is changed colour from redish dark purple to dark brown. 4) By the light colouring stability is less than $pH_4$ 5) The colouring most stability in the pH is $pH_3$ 8. In the future, natural colour made from elderberry juice on the useful prospects is suitable used to make natural fruit juice, ice cream, candy, commercial and home wine, gum, and manufacture of jelly jam, pie maxes, ect.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.348-365
• /
• 2010

Artemisia capillaries THUNB is a perennial herb that belongs to the family compositae spp. and the most common plant among the various herbal folk remedies used in treatment of abdominal pain, hepatitis, chronic liver disease, jaundice and coughing in Korea. The object of this study is to observe the dosage-dependent anti-obestic effects of an aqueous extracts of dried aqueous extracts of stems of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg. [Artemisiae capillaris Herba, In-Jin in Korean, INJ] on 45%/Kcal high fat diet (HFD) supplied mice. 45%/Kcal rodent HFD are supplied to ICR mice from 1 week before initiation of INJ administration throughout the 12 weeks, and after the end of 12 weeks of 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg/day of INJ administration, the efficacy was divided into five categories 1) hypoglycemic, 2) hepato-protective, 3) nephroprotective, 4) hypolipemic, and 5) anti- obesity effects. The effects were compared to those of simvastatin (for hypolipemic activity), silymarin (for hepatoprotective and free radical scavenger effects) and metformin (for hypoglycemic and related anti-obesity effects). 7 animals per group (8 groups; total 56adapted mice on HFD were selected base on the body weight at 6 days after initiation of HFD supply) were used in this experiment. INJ and all three different reference drugs were directly suspended or dissolved in distilled water, and administered at a volume of 10 mL/kg, once a day for 84 days from 1 week after HFD supply. As results of 91 days of continuous HFD supply, mice showed marked obese states, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, liver damages and kidney damages. These mean the obesity, diabetes, diabetic hepatopathies, nephropathies and hyperlipemia were induced by HFD supply. After end of 84 days of continuous treatment of three different dosages of INJ, all diabetes related complications were inhibited; relatively favorable anti-obesity, hypolipemic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and nephroprotective effects. These favorable effects showed relatively good dose-relations between all three different dosages of INJ treated, and INJ 250 mg/kg showed enough favorable effects on diabetes and related four complications tested as compared with one of each three different references. Otherwise, the efficacy of 62.5 and 125 mg/kg of INJ was somewhat slighter than those of all three reference drugs. Therefore, the suitable effective dosage of INJ is considered as 250 mg/kg/day in the present study. The overall anti-obesity effects of INJ 250 mg/kg-treated group was similar or more favorable than those of metformin 250 mg/kg-treated group, and INJ 250 mg/kg showed slighter hypoglycemic effects with silymarin 100 mg/kg and metformin 250 mg/kg, similar hypolipemic effects with simvastatin 10 mg/kg, and similar hepatoprotective effects with silymarin 100 mg/kg, and similar nephroprotective effects with that of silymarin 100 mg/kg and metformin 250 mg/kg, respectively. Obese, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, steatohepatitis and related nephropathies induced by HFD supply were dramatically inhibited by 84 days of continuous treatment of all three different dosages of INJ. It is, therefore expected that INJ extracts will be a favorable alternative agent for diet-related diabetes and complications.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.227-249
• /
• 2016

Arsenic and its compounds vary in their toxicity according to the chemical forms. Inorganic arsenic is more toxic and known as carcinogen. The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of $15{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./week established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has been withdrawn, while the EFSA panel suggested $BMDL_{0.1}$ $0.3{\sim}8{\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$ for cancers of the lung, skin and bladder, as well as skin lesions. Rice, seaweed and beverages are known as food being rich in inorganic arsenic. As(III) is the major form of inorganic arsenic in rice and anaerobic paddy soils, while most of inorganic arsenic in seaweed is present as As(V). The inorganic arsenic in food was extracted with solvent such as distilled water, methanol, nitric acid and so on in heat-assisted condition or at room temperature. Arsenic speciation analysis was based on ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. However, there has been no harmonized and standardized method for inorganic arsenic analysis internationally. The inorganic arsenic exposure from food has been estimated to range of $0.13{\sim}0.7{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day for European, American and Australian, and $0.22{\sim}5{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day for Asian. The maximum level (ML) for inorganic arsenic in food has established by EU, China, Australia and New Zealand, but are under review in Korea. Until now, several studies have conducted for reduction of inorganic arsenic in food. Inorganic arsenic levels in rice and seaweed were reduced by more polishing and washing, boiling and washing, respectively. Further research for international harmonization of analytical method, monitoring and risk assessment will be needed to strengthen safety management of inorganic arsenic of foods in Korea.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.804-810
• /
• 2016

This study aimed to compare the quality characteristics of developed rice Jochung (E) with those of commercial-rice Jochung (A, B, C, and D). The total soluble solid, reducing sugar, and dextrose equivalent of developed rice Jochung were $80^{\circ}Brix$, 44.53%, and 56.94%, respectively. The pH and titrable acidity were 6.25 and 0.19%, respectively. The color difference value (${\Delta}E$) of developed rice Jochung was 74.42, which was significantly lower than the other samples investigated. The light transmittance and total polyphenol contents of developed rice Jochung were 56.4%T and 108.23 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. The adhesiveness values of various commercial-rice Jochung products were 29.0~66.0 sec, while that of developed-rice Jochung was 61 sec, showing good textural properties for use in manufacturing Hangwa, a Korean traditional cookie. The electron-donating values of various rice Jochung were 20.4~50.3%, among which the developed-rice Jochung showed the highest value. The reducing powers of various rice Jochung products were 0.44~0.72, while that of the developed product was 0.72, which was significantly higher than the other values. Sensory evaluation revealed that the color scores of developed- and commercial-rice Jochung products were 6.70~6.80. Flavor scores of rice Jochung products ranged from 6.00 to 7.00. Taste and mouth feeling scores of developed-rice Jochung did not significantly differ from those of commercial Jochung products. Compared to commercial-rice Jochung products, developed-rice Jochung made with malt extract exhibited high polyphenols content. However, there were no significant differences in the overall acceptability scores between commercial-rice Jochung products and the developed product. The developed-rice Jochung analyzed in this study may be useful as a traditional sweetener for various Hangwa products as a substitute for corn syrup or Jochung.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.122-131
• /
• 2016

Caesium radioisotopes, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs which come from the atmospheric nuclear tests and discharges from nuclear power plants, are very important to study artificial radioactivity. In this work, in order to lower the minimum detection activity (MDA) we investigated environmental radioactivity according to the Environment Measurement Laboratory procedure by ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs which is similar to chemical and environmental behaviors of ¹³⁷Cs. The environmental soils in high mountain areas near nuclear power plant were collected, and an Ammonium Molybdophosphate (AMP) precipitation method, which showed high selectivity toward Cs⁺ ions, was applied to chemically extract and concentrate Caesium radioisotopes. Radioactivity was estimated by a gamma-ray spectrometry. In gamma energy spectrum, with an increasing of ⁴⁰K radioactivity, it increased the MDA of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs. Therefore, if the natural radionuclides were removed from the soil samples, the MDA of Caesium may be reduced, and the contents of ¹³⁷Cs of in the environmental soils can effectively be estimated. In the standard soil sample of Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, radioactivity of ⁴⁰K was removed more than 84% on average, and the MDA of ¹³⁴Cs was reduced 2 times. The content of ¹³⁷Cs was recovered over 84%. On the other hand, in environmental soils, AMP precipitation method showed removal ratio of ⁴⁰K up to 180 times, which reduced the MDA about 5 times smaller than those of Direct method. ¹³⁷Cs recovery ratio showed from 54.54% to 70.06%. When considering the MDA and recovery ratio, AMP precipitation method is effective for detection of Caesium radioisotopes in low concentration.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.658-667
• /
• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various levels of fused superphosphate as pre-planting fertilizer on the growth of red-leaf lettuce and changes in the chemical properties of the soil solution in three root media, namely coir-dust plus expanded rice hull (8:2, v/v; CD+ERH), carbonized rice hull (6:4; CD+CRH), or ground and aged pine bark (8:2; CD+GAPB). The amounts of fused superphosphate (FSP) incorporated into the three root media during formulation were controlled from 0 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in $1.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ increments. The root media containing fertilizers were packed into 300 mL plastic pots and seedlings of red-leaf lettuce at the 3rd leaf stage were transplanted. After transplanting, the crops were fed with a solution of neutral fertilizer ($100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The growth of red-leaf lettuce was investigated 5 weeks after transplanting and soil solutions were extracted and analyzed every week for pH, EC, and concentrations of macro-nutrients. The elevation of application rates of FSP in the three root media resulted in better growth, and the crops grown in CD+ERH and CD+GRPB had greater fresh and dry weights than those in CD+CRH when compared among the treatments of equal amounts of FSP. The pH and $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations in the soil solution of CD+CRH at 3 weeks after transplant were in the ranges of 4.0 to 4.8 and 20 to $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. These were lower pH and higher $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations than those in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB. The $K^+$ concentrations were higher in CD+CRH than those in the other two root media, and the elevation of FSP application rates resulted in higher $Ca^{+2}$, $Mg^{+2}$ and $SO_4{^{-2}}$ concentrations in soil solution of the three root media. The $NO_3$-N concentrations in soil solution rose continuously during crop cultivation, implying that the leaching percentage was elevated. The soil solution EC varied, showing the same tendencies as the $NO_3$-N concentrations. The above results indicated that the CD+ERH and CD+GRPB media performed better than CD+CRH, and optimum application rates of FSP in the three root media were 4.5 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for pot cultivation of red-leaf lettuce.