• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2003

A vegetation structure by attitudinal changes from Jeongryongchi to Gogiri section of Baekdudaegan were investigated by sample plots(nine 500$m^2$). Using TWINSPAN and DCA techniques, vegetation structure was analyzed. In the results from the analysis of both techniques, Quercus mongolica is dominant species and attitudinal zonations were divided into 2 groups such as above 900m area and lower one by subspecies in subtree and shrub layers. Similarity index analyses of elevational ranges showed discontinuities between above and lower elevation area. In the analysis of species diversity, there was no significant difference due to altitude.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.324-336
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• 2004

This study was achieved to present ecological administration plan by analyzing vegetation structure and condition rating class(environmental damage degree) of Sangnim Woods Natural Monument in Hamyang-gun, Korea. In vegetation structure part, actual vegetation was classified by 22 patterns and Quercus serrata Carpinus tschonoskii community(31.8％), Quercus serrata community(14.6％) ranged extensively. Main plant community was 8 types, and is fractionated by 13 plant communities according to stratigraphy development degree it is Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus aliena community, Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Carpinus tschonoskii Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Quercus serrata community, and Planted area with korean landscape woody plants. Age of old growth trees that diameter of breast height over 38cm was 61∼77years. In condition rating class, area of class 3 was 51,960$m^2$(32.8％), area of class 4 was 6,583$m^2$(3.5％), and area of class 5 was 4,086$m^2$(2.6％) and gross area of class 3∼6 need artificial restoration was 61,619$m^2$(38.9％). Considering actual vegetation, plant community structure, and condition rating class biotope was classified by total 14 types. While distribution area of Queens spp. old growth forest of shrub damaged(51,246$m^2$, 32.4％) and deciduous broad leaved old growth forest of simple-layer structure(19,906$m^2$, 12.6％) is large and that of deciduous broad-leaved old growth forest of multi-layer structure(2,085$m^2$, 1.3％) and Queens spp. old growth forest of multi-layer structure may have to manage with user control by administration plan for stabilization of Sangnim Woods ecosystem for long-term. Also, both vegetation of shrub damaged and simple-layer structure as negative restoration area should be restored for ecological succession and both grassland and planted area with korean woody plants as positive restoration area should be revegetated by using ecological planting model of native vegetation structure in Sangnim Woods.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2003

This research was conducted to investigate about structural characteristics of vegetation by change of the environmental factors for prolific open-pollinated progeny forest in Pinus koraiensis stands. Stand slope of Kapyung area was slower than Youngdong area. On the other hand, contents rate of the soil chemical properties in Kapyung was lower than Youngdong area. And relative intensity of light was higher Youngdong than Kapyung area. On the whole, growth of the Pinus koraiensis was more dominant Kapyung area than Youngdong. Analysis result of the relative density, - frequency, - coverage and importance value to shrub layer in each local stands, Quercus mongolica and Quercus acutissima were dominant species in Kapyung area. Dominant species In Youngdong area was Quercus acutissima. In Kapyung area, appearance species of the vegetation layer was consisted that live in moist soil and shaded lot. Youngdong area showed fewer species than Kpyung area. Species diversity of shrub and vegetation layer in Kapyung and Youngdong area was higher than Youngdong. This result was judged by slope difference between each areas. Kapyung area need enforce thinning and Youngdong area conduct tending management on shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2005

Vegetation composition and structure of Sorbus commixta - native forests of South Korea were studied using phytosociological procedures and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special respect to species correlations, importance values, and constancy classes. Vegetation types were divided (great division) into Tripterygium regelii - Quercus mongolica (Inland high mountain type) and Acer takesimense - Fague crenata var. multinervis (Ulleung Island type) and ten accompanying vegetation units. In between S. commixta and life-farms, 120 correlations were positive with 23 of these having a p-value < 0.01 for trees, 21 for shrubs, 10 for woody vines, and 25 for herbs. In trees, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and A. takesimense and T. insularis on the $1\%$ level. In shrubs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Sasa kurilensis, Callicarpa japonica, Ligustrum foliosum on the $5\%$ level. In woody vines, there was a negative correlation between S. commixta and Tripterygium regelii and Actinidia rufa on the $1\%$ level. In herbs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Majanthemim dilatatum and Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea on the $1\%$ level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.279-283
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• 2009

This study was conducted to clarify the breeding bird communities between natural and fired forests in Verchneussuriisky Research Forest ($44^{\circ}$ 02' N, $134^{\circ}$ 10' E) Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Science at Ussuri, Russia from 7 to 11 June 2008. Total 37 species of birds were recorded in both study sites. Luscinia cyane, Urosphena squameiceps, and Emberiza tristrami were most dominant species. In natural forest, 115 individuals of 32 species were observed and bird species diversity (H') was 3.13. Sixty two individuals of 29 species were recorded and bird species diversity was 3.12 in fired forest. Bush and Canopy nesting guilds were higher in natural forest than in fired forest. But hole nesting guild was higher in fired forest. In foraging guilds, canopy foraging guild was most dominant in both study site. Air and bush foraging guilds were higher in natural forest. The differences of bird communities would be caused by differences of habitat conditions between study sites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate composition of understory vegetation and indicator species by altitude and slope azimuth in Mt. Gyebang designated as Protected Area for Forest Genetic Resource Conservation and National Park. Tracheophytes were 350 taxa; 80 families, 203 genera, 303 species, 38 varieties, 5 forma and 4 sub-species in research area. The species of greatest importance value were Tripterygium regelii (9.143%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (7.594%), Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa (6.347%) in the shrub layer and were Sasa borealis (8.653%), Isodon excisus (2.936%) and Carex siderosticta (2.897%). In the herb layer as a result of NMS analysis, the distribution range of the major species were found to be affected by the altitude (shrub layer: $R^2$ > 0.3, herb layer: $R^2$ > 0.6). The result of plexus diagram analysis showed that Acer pseudosieboldianum was associated with Magnolia sieboldii, Acer barbinerve, Euonymus oxyphyllus etc. in the shrub layer; Meehania urticifolia was associated with Aconitum jaluense, Veratrum oxysepalum, Prunus padus etc. in the herb layer. The significant indicator species were analyzed for 60 species by the altitude and investigated for 30 species in accordance with the slope azimuth. As a consequence of MRPP, interspecies composition along the altitude group was heterogeneous and the species composition according to the azimuth slope was extremely different between the NE and SW.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.260-269
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• 2006

This study was conducted to provide basic information for effective management strategies on nature trails in Mt. Jiri national park. Vegetation structure of nature trails in Yupyeong, Jungsanri, Hadong and Baekmudong districts was researched to accomplish the purpose of study. The tree and subtree layer consisted of 16 and 11 species for Yupyeong, 14 and 16 species for Jungsanri, 10 and 13 species for Hadong, and 19 and 10 species for Baekmudong district, respectively. The importance value of Quercu variabilis in the tree layer was highest for Yupyeong, Jungsanri and Baekmudong districts, and that of Pinus densiflora was highest for Hadong district. The herbaceous layer was composed of 70 species for Yupyeong, 53 species for Jungsanri, 65 species for Hadong, 57 species for Baekmudong districts, respectively. The value of species diversity ranged from 0.752 to 1.162, 0.957 to 1.085 and 1.283 to 1.506 at tree, subtree and shrub layer, respectively. Evenness ranged 0.752 to 0.983 at all layers for four nature trails in Mt. Jiri national park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.695-707
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• 2019

This study was intended to suggest the appropriate vegetation management methodology by analyzing phytosociology for ecotourism resources. We carried out the classification and interpretation of the vegetation structure and the analysis of the relationship between communities and environmental conditions in Pocheon valley, Mt. Gaya. The vegetation in Pocheon valley was composed of 5 communities: Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community, Larix kaempferi-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, and Salix gracilistyla-Phragmites japonica community. The Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community was further segmented into two types according to the differences of composition species and location of habitats. The methodologies that satisfy both the use of nature for ecotourism resources and the sustentation of natural vegetation are as follows: - maintenance the present vegetation (dominance species) by strictly avoiding artificial management in the tree layer; - maintenance of the existing vegetation structure through the artificial management of the usual vigorous tree species when the species in the shrub layer grow up to the subtree layer; and - continued artificial management to maintain high balanced diversity and evenness of various species in shrub and herb layers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.312-322
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• 2010

In Korea, Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zuccarini is widely distributed in the warm temperate zone of South coastal area and Jeju island, mainly as preserved forest in the vicinity of the Buddhist temple and Confucian temple. The objective of this study is in order to develop the conservation method and comprehension of vegetation community by current vegetation structure analysis of Torreya nucifera stand. As the results, the number of surveyed species in Torreya nucifera stand were total 148 species with 28 species of tree layer, 38 species of subtree layer, and 82 species of shrub layer. The appearance of the common species were Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea Bean, and Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai var. asiaticum. All the story of the surveyed region, Torreya nucifera maintained the current dominant species, but the subtree layer and shrub layer was decreased dominant rate because of the development of the crown of tree layer and biased growth of the subtree layer. Most of the tree layer and subtree layer in Torreya nucifera stands are composed of the sprout forest. Therefore, these results suggest that in order to maintain the healthy stand it is demanded for the application of selection thinning method for reducing crown competition in Torreya nucifera forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.379-393
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• 2002

Thirty-six plots (each size 100m2) have been set up and surveyed to investigate the plant community structure and the ecological density of Pinus densiflora for. eracta(Chunyang-type) community in Seobyeok-ri, Chungyang-myeon, bonghwa-gun, Kyeongsangbuk-do. Four communities, Community I (large DBH class), Community II (large DBH class), Community III (middle DBH class), Community IV(small DBH class), were classified into by mean DBH and mean height. Pinus densiflora for. eracta dominate in canopy layer, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Quercus mongolica dominate in understory layer, Rhododendron Schlippenbachii and R. mucronulatum dominate in shrub layer. It turned out that thefour communiteis had low species diversity(0.4320~0.9487; unit: 400$m^2$) and high similarity. By the result of ecological density analysis. the mean basal area was proportionated to mean DBH (cm) size. By the result of simple regression analysis between mean DBH(cm), mean distance(m), and the number of individual were as follow: Ecological distance(m) = 0.0934$\times$ DBH(cm) +0.6117, Number of individual=242.47$\times$ DBH(cm)$^{-1.009}$, Ecological distance=9.643$\times$No. of individua $l^{-0.7016}$. In addition to four communities were suitable to the growth of Tricholoma matsutake because average species were about 30~50 years old, litter layer was 0.5~2.5cm and the ratio of coverage shrub was 20% .