• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2002

For elucidating the correlation between the eubacterial community structure and environmental parameters in Nammae Reservoir located in Kyungsan, Kyungbuk, the bacterial community structure and their structure affecting environmental parameters were analyzed using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) monthly over year. $\alpha$ . $\beta$ . $\gamma$-subclasses of Proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (CF) group known as dominant bacterial group in freshwater were detected in 3 stations over year. The ratio of each subclass to total bacteria was determined; $\alpha$.$\beta$ . $\gamma$-subclasses and CF group varied in the range of 4.0~29.2%, 1.7~25.8%, 1.8~12.8%, 4.9~36.3%, respectively and there was no substantial differences between stations. In terms of the correlation between each group specific bacteria and environmental parameters such as temperature, SS, pH, DOC, NH$_4$-N, NO$_3$-N, PO$_4$-P, standing crops of algae, the results were as follows: 1) total bacterial numbers correlated positively with temperature, SS and DOC, 2) Eubacteria positively with DOC and Chl-$\alpha$, 3)${\gamma}$-subclass positively with DOC, and 4) CF group positively with standing crops of chlorophyceae, 5) whereas $\beta$-subclass bacteria correlated negatively with standing crop of cyanobacteria and that of total algae.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.142
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• pp.51-74
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• 2017

As the phrase 'solitude death' implies, solitude generally has a negative characteristic as an object to avoid. But on the contrary, Nietzsche attempts to accept solitude and even affirms it in his overall philosophy. This study is about the authentic meaning of Nietzsche's solitude concept, aiming to clarify what true meaning solitude has to Nietzsche. This study will examine the 'external situation that humans face today' first. To do this, the study will consider the situation that humans who lost the earth and homeland faced in the period when God is dead. This study will then look at 'memory' and 'oblivion', as human's internal situations. And following that, this study will examine what meaning 'creativity' has to Nietzsche, which has a close relationship with those internal situations. Lastly, the meaning that 'body' and 'dance' imply to Nietzsche and what relationship these have with true solitude will be presented. Human is the being who can not avoid solitude whether they want it or not. Even though we make whatever effort we can to run away, solitude is unavoidable. The smart phone that makes me feel emptiness when I don't hold it on my hands, the hobbies which attract and force us to do, and new products which make us feel lonely if we don't buy them, don't they prove these efforts? What meaning does solitude have to humans that we have no other way but to run away from it like this? By understanding the authentic meaning of Nietzsche's solitude concept, we can change our view point on solitude so we can eventually accept 'solitude' as something that we must truly embrace and affirm, instead of something we must run away from.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.64
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• pp.237-287
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• 2020

This study was developing group counseling program for sexual education for Christian young adults. and its effects were proven. For this purpose, this study of unmarried Christian young adults ranging 30 from the age 20~35 years old who are attending church C and S located in city of C at Kyungnam province. The subject and control group each had 15 people who separately participated in this program once a week for 120 minutes, 12 times in total. The control group did not receive any feedback after the sessions. group counseling program for sexual education was based on Crabb's biblical counseling model and McMinn's cognitive therapy. Using 12 kinds of cognitive therapy techniques. for its effects were verified. used The sexual knowledge scale standardized model of a college student set by Jeon Gyungsook, Lee Hyoyoung, Lee Seonja, The sexual attitude scale standardized model for a college student set by Ho Seonmin, The sexual decision making scale developed by Sun Mikyung. The data analysis consisted of Cronbach's α test, χ2-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman test, a χ nd Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The result of this study is improve the sexual knowledge, show the conservative tendency of sexual attitudes, and prove the increase in the ability to make responsible sexual decisions of Christian young adults. Following up, this study spreads awareness of the true meaning of sexual being as illustrated from the bible and implies a beneficial program within the church that promotes a healthy life and reconciliation between self, neighbors, and God in a life according to the purpose of creation and order.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.98-114
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• 2017

This study analyzed the commemorative landscapes of eight Holocaust concentration camp memorials(HCCM) of Germany and Poland from a landscape architecture point of view including historical landscape, places and remains, and monuments. A site survey was conducted at Dahau concentration camp memorial(CCM) and Bergen-Belsen CCM of Germany in September of 2015 and the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp memorial(ECM), Majdanek ECM, Belzec ECM, Sobibor ECM, Treblinka ECM, Chelmno ECM of Poland in April of 2016. The results are as follows. First, the landscape of the concentration camp at Dahau CCM, Auschwitz ECM, and Majdanek ECM liberated by the Allied Forces was well conserved with the maintenance of camp facilities and the spatial structure of camps while monuments and memorials seized by sociopolitical argument were built with restriction. But Belzec ECM, Sobibor ECM, Treblinka ECM, and Chelmno ECM devastated and planted artificially to forest were overwhelmingly surrounded with natural landscape, and also, excavated relics and remains were preserved and the monuments were built at the place of memory. Second, gas chambers, crematoriums, guard posts, electric wire fences, railroads and ramps, barracks, and drainage ditches were considered to be typical facilities present in the camp structure and the gas chambers, crematoriums, human ashes, and mass graves demonstrated the horrible history of these camps and the railroad and ramp where Jewish prisoners arrived also had the strong sense of place. These remains were regarded as symbolic elements to create a memory of the tragedy and place. Third, commemoration of victims was applied as the basic concept and recalling the memory of the Holocaust was also considered very important content. Religious reconciliation and peace was represented at Dahau CCM and the Jewish identity was strongly expressed at Treblinka ECM and Belzec ECM representing the Jewish community and Judaism. Fourth, the monuments with semi-abstract styles and abstract sculptures represented the Holocaust symbolically and narratively and came into the conflict caused by the abstractness to the memorial landscape at Auschwitz-Birkenau ECM and Bergen-Belsen CCM. Fifth, remains for recalling the memory of tragedy and place and symbolic monuments to stand for public memory were juxtaposed at the same place and preserving on the authenticity of camp site had been conflicted with monumentalizing intentionally. Further study will required a concrete investigation of the monuments in the HCCM and an attempt to comparatively study the commemoration characteristics of memorials in Korea.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.256-261
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• 2005

Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology, but known as a kind of auto-immune disease. It is most common in women especially in $30{\sim}50$ years, and very rare in childhood. It can be classified into two main classes : localized scleroderma & systemic sclerosis. Localized type has better prognosis, and usually involves skin only, or in some cases, the muscle below, except inner organs. Systemic type involves skin, oral mucosa and major internal organs. Involving facial skin, we can see small and sharp nose, expressionless stare and narrow oral aperture. Usually they have Raynaud's phenomenon, and in progress, show mouth opening limitation and sclerosis of tongue and gingiva. It is called CREST syndrome showing calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangioectasia. Treatment of scleroderma is systemic and localized steroid therapy, use of collagen-link inhibitor (D-penicillamine), immune depressor and etc. Mouth opening limitation can be improved by mouth stretching exercise. We report a 6 years old boy, diagnosed with localized scleroderma who had mouth opening limitation. We could get additional mouth opening, and have done successful restorative treatment of mandibular and maxillary 1st and 2nd deciduous molar under deep sedation with nitrous oxide and enflurane.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2014

The present experiment investigated putative anxiolytic-like effects of quercetin using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus test in mice. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. Quercetin (1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) was orally administered to ICR mice 1 h before a behavioral evaluation in the EPM. Control mice were treated with an equal volume of vehicle, and positive control mice were treated with buspirone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The mice administered quercetin (5 mg/kg) spent a significantly longer percentage of time in the open arms of the EPM and their percentage of entries into the open arms was significantly increased compared to the vehicle-treated controls (p<0.05). The anxiolytic-like activities of quercetin were antagonized by trans-4-aminocrotonic acid (a $GABA_{A-{\rho}}$ agonist, 20 mg/kg) but not by flumazenil (a $GABA_A$ antagonist, 10 mg/kg) or WAY-100635 (a $5-HT_{1A}$ antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity or myorelaxant effects in any group compared with the vehicle-treated controls. In the hole-board apparatus test, the number of head-dips increased significantly in the single treatment with quercetin (5 mg/kg) group compared to the vehicle-treated controls (p<0.05). These findings suggest that quercetin can promote anxiolytic-like activity, mediated by the GABAergic nervous system, in mice.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1986

Landscape around a settlement is not only a natural object, but also a matters of the man in the co-relation with his environment. Man perceives the landscape rational or sensible. Then it changes into the substance for him and influences him: as we see often in the folklore, that is of importance in the mind. Man reacts against his surroundings deceidedly, selfassurd or commonly, and uses sometimes the landscape to the elements for realization, physical or symbolical. Out of one character of korean villages, adaption to the circumstances, we can notice also its inner image, the reflection of the mind. Seeing and perceiving the environment emotional or reasonable and, reflecting and descreibing the inner self on the space. Here, the landscape and the nature are matter of the man, a scale for his ethical estimation or a mailer of the realization his mind. It is difficult, but important, such a immanent picture in(or of) the landscape to find. This is a preliminary study in such a way.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.95-119
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• 2010

Although there have been many studies regarding the inconsistency between consumers' attitudes and behavior, prior research has almost exclusively focused on the relationship between the attitude before behavior and the initial behavior. Relatively little research has been conducted on consumer satisfaction after purchase and post-purchase behavior. This research proposed that the relationship between satisfaction and post-purchase behavior is moderated by consumers' psychological characteristics such as need for cognitive closure(NCC) and temporal self-construal(SC). The need for cognitive closure refers to individuals' desire for a firm answer to a question and an aversion toward ambiguity. We assumed the need for cognitive closure as a major moderating variable because it is judged that the requirement for cognition clearly varies between when a consumer repurchases the same product and seeks a new alternative. Individuals who tend to end cognition due to time constraints or inappropriate conditions may display considerable cognitive impatience or impulsivity and has a higher probability in repurchasing the same product than a consumer without such limitations. They would avoid further consideration for new alternatives and the likelihood of the repurchase for prior alternative would increase. As hypothesized, significant moderating effect of the NCC was confirmed. This result gives a significant implication for a corporate to establish effective marketing strategies. For a corporate or product brand that has been occupying the market after entering the market earlier, it would be effective to maintain need for cognitive closure high in the existing consumers and thereby preventing the consumers from being interested in the new alternatives. On the other hand, new brands that have just entered the market need to lower the potential consumers' need for cognitive closure so that the consumers can be interested in new alternatives. Along with need for cognitive closure, temporal self-construal also turned out to moderate the satisfaction-repurchase. temporal SC reflects the extent to which individuals view themselves either as an individuated entity or in relation to others. Consumers under a temporarily independent SC would repurchase former alternative again according to their prior satisfaction and evaluation. In contrast, consumers in temporal interdependent SC tended to switch to a new alternative because they value interpersonal relationships above anything else and have a tendency to rely heavily on in-group opinions. When they are confronted with additional opinions, it is highly probable that he/she will choose a new product as an alternative. By proving the impact that temporal self-construal has on repurchasing behavior, this study is providing the marketers with new standards for establishing successful promotional strategies. For example, if the buyer and the user is the same for a product, it would be effective for the seller to convince the consumer to make decision subjectively by encouraging temporal independent self-construal. On the contrary, in the case where the purchase is made by an individual but the product is consumed by a group of people. For example, a housewife is more likely to choose the products or brands that her husband or children prefer rather than the ones that she likes by herself. In that case, emphasizing how the whole family can be satisfied and happy about the product would be effective for promoting repurchase.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.201-234
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• 2001

Sociology(or social science in general) is often diagnosed as in the state of 'crisis' after the collapse of socialism and the erosion of national societies because of rapid globalization. This paper introduces some recent work within science and technology studies(STS) and discusses its potentials to reinvigorate sociology. Although sociologists have rarely regarded STS as contributing to 'mainstream' issues in sociology, an increasing number of STS writers and sociologists have recently started to notice such possibilities. One main reason of this recent change is that STS is no longer merely concerned to convey substantive findings about science and technology, but instead attempts to reconstruct key notions of sociology such as 'social', 'society' and 'agency'. It is in this respect that the discussion below aims to introduce, discuss, and assess the potential contribution of some recent work of STS to sociology. In particular, it is 'actor-network theory'(ANT) that explicitly attempts to examine and suggest the ways in which STS ran help innovate sociology. One major characteristics of ANT is to impute 'agency' to things(nonhumans) unlike traditional sociology. ANT argues that if sociology studies heterogeneous relationships between humans and nonhumans instead of human relations only, it can become once again a vigorous discipline which is able to provide alternative worlds central to the basis of sociology. So this paper focuses on, not the diverse approaches of STS, the characteristics of ANT and its potential contribution to sociology. The author concludes that ANT can not only rejuvenate sociology by implicating new forms of alternative worlds but also open the possibility to contribute to the democratic reformulation of human-nonhuman relationships.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.165-197
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• 2014

In this paper, I investigate on the human nature in philosophy of Wang Yang-Ming and Buddhism from a Kantian point of view. The core argument of the philosophy of Wang Yang-Ming, Buddhism and Kant is that all human beings have the pure abilities a priori to overcome themselves, to realize their own potentialities. This is called immanent transcendence. At this time human beings can be free. Kant, Wang Yang-Ming and Buddhism claim that all human beings themselves will overcome their desires from their mind and body through the immanent transcendence, reflection and contemplation on their own. When we give up the external knowledges, throw away obsessions with the selfish desires and go back to our inside, we can see our original nature. To have an insight into this inner nature, to respect the moral law a priori, this is to overcome the ourselves, and to be a Grate Man(聖人) and a Buddha. This way is the only way to be a Grate Man and a Buddha. The main proposition of Wang Yang-Ming's philosophy is expressed 'There are no things without mind.'(心外無物) The core of Kant's transcendental philosophy is called the Copernican Revolution by himself. Copernican Revolution means the transition from the object-centered epistemology to the subject-centered epistemology. 'Innate Knowing'(良知) and 'Perform Innate Knowing'(致良知), 'All human beings have the mind of Buddha'(一切衆生悉有佛性) contain the apriority, immanence of Moral Law. In this respect, the theory of Innate Knowing in Wang Yang-Ming and mind of Buddha in Buddhism, pure Moral Law in Kant has the same structure grounded in subjectivity. Even if we have the mind of Buddha, innate Knowing, moral law a priori, the reason why we don't know our original nature is that we fall into the obsessions with selfish desires, and that we have inclination to external interests. So the moment you see our original nature, ordinary people themselves turn into a Buddha. These changes and transitions are immanent transcendence. All human beings have the ability to do this changes and transitions. Buddha does not exist outside of us, but it exists with our reflections on our human nature. Buddha can not existed without our insight into the our innate Ego. Where there is our original nature, there is a Buddha. So Buddha is called the another name of the original figure of human beings.