• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.631-636
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• 2010

To develop a natural antioxidant from three Chrysanthemum species, flower and shoot extracts of Chrysanthemum frutescens, Chrysanthemum morifolium and Chrysanthemum zawadskii ssp. naktongense were obtained and their phenolic compound contents, scavenging effects on DPPH and ABTS radicals, ferrous ion chelating effects and inhibition activity on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid were studied. Shoots of C. morifolium showed the highest levels in all above mentioned analyses. Especially, shoot extract of C. morifolium had high scavenging activities on ABTS radicals, similar to ascorbic acid or BHT. Ferrous ion chelating effect was the lowest in a C. morifolium shoot extract, but the highest in a C. morifolium flower extract. Inhibition activity on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid was the highest with C. frutescens and C. morifolium shoots, but activity was lower than BHT. From present study, a shoot extract of C. morifolium is demonstrated as a valuable source for the development of a natural antioxidant. However, due to its low levels of ferrous ion chelating effects and inhibition activity on lipid peroxidation, a combination of other antioxidants with C. morifolium extract is recommended for the development of a new antioxidant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.979-984
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• 2008

The stems of P etasites japonicus were extracted with ethanol and then partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, successively. The antioxidant potency of five crude fractions were determined using (1) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, (2) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay in the linoleic acid model system, and (3) lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Among the crude fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most potent antioxidant effect. By activity-guided fractionation, compound PJ-4 was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction through the repeated silica gel open column chromatography. The chemical structure of the isolated compound was determined as kaempferol by $^1H-$ and $^{13}C$-NMR analysis and its antioxidative capacity was further investigated. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the compound was 65.76% at the concentration of $100 \;{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibitory activity of the compound against lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase exhibited 43.47% and 58.60%, respectively at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. The result suggests that the compound may serve as a useful natural antioxidant and furthermore indicates the possibility of developing the stems of Petasites japonicus as a natural antioxidant source.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.6 s.84
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• pp.643-649
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• 2004

Pork was cooked using three kinds of instrument [electric pill (EG) for 5min., microwave oven (MW) for 6min. and reheated using a MW] and then extracted with $80\%$ methanol. The Ames test was performed on the methanol extracts, employing the S. typhimurium tester strain, TA100. The methanol extract of cooked pork showed high mutagenicity ion the 5.0 mg/plate without the S9 mix, but a higher mutagenicity was induced with the S9 mix With increasing refrigeration $(4^{\circ}C)$ and freezing $(-18^{\circ}C)$ periods the extracts showed higher mutagenicities and TBA values, and the same results where shown with reheating. Correlations of the mutagenicity (-S9 mix) and rancidity of the pork cooked by EG, according to storage at and $-18^{\circ}C$ and reheated by MW (1 min), were r=0.85, 0.86, 0.98 and 0.83, respectively. When the MW was used for reheating, the refrigeration storage (r=0.98) showed a higher correlation coefficient than for that stored frozen (r=0.83). From the structure of cooked pork, as observed by SEM, many vapor pathways were viewed in the pork reheated using themicrowave oven.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1187-1193
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• 2010

To elongate the shelf-life of Angelica keiskei and Brassica loeracea var. acephala vegetable juices, UV irradiation was used and the changes of antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging ability were investigated. The content of polyphenols of vegetable juices were slightly reduced by UV treatment and/or storage period. The DPPH radical-scavenging activities of the vegetable juices treated by UV were higher than that of control but were not changed during storage. However, $ABTS{\cdot}^+$ reducing activities of the vegetable juices were reduced by UV treatment. The $ABTS{\cdot}^+$ reducing activity of Brassica loeracea var. acephala juice was lower when the flow rate was slower. The ferrous ion chelating effects of Angelica keiskei vegetable juices were reduced by UV treatment. In contrast, the ferrous ion chelating effects of Brassica loeracea var. acephala vegetable juices were not different from those of right after manufacturing. The ferrous ion chelating effects on both vegetable juices increased during storage periods. The inhibitory activity of lipid oxidation was decreased slightly by UV treatment on vegetable juices. The nitrite scavenging ability of Angelica keiskei and Brassica loeracea var. acephala vegetable juices treated by UV irradiation was not different from that of control. The nitrate scavenging abilities of vegetable juices in pH 1.2 were higher than those in pH 3.0 and 4.2.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1498-1502
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• 2005

This study evaluated the isolation and identification of biologically active compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of grape seed extract (Campbell early). Ethyl acetate fraction was further purified with sephadex LP-20 column chromatography. Each biologically active compound for free radical scavenging effect and lipid peroxidation inhibition was isolated and identified with ${1}^H$ and${12}^C$-NMR. Major compounds were identified as (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin respectively. The amounts of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in grape seed were 45.7$\%$ and 35.1$\%$, respectively. The purified (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin showed more strong free radical scavenging effects ($RC_{50}$= 11.1 $\mu$g/mL and 10.4 $\mu$g/mL) than ethyl acetate fraction ($RC_{50}$= 15.4 $\mu$g/mL). However, ethyl acetate fraction showed much stronger lipid oxidative inhibition effect than the purified (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.657-662
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• 2007

Antioxidant properties of Artemisia princeps Pamp were determined using in vitro assay systems against 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide ($O_2{^-}$), hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), hydroxyl radical ($HO{\cdot}$) and nitric oxide (NO) radical, as well as rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. Among the five solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents at $311.35{\mu}g/mg\;and\;92.73{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. Ethyl acetate fractions, except for $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, also showed the highest scavenging activity; the 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50},\;{\mu}g/mg$) values for DPPH, superoxide, $HO{\cdot}$ and NO radical scavenging were 52.71, 26.47, 58.92 and 65.94, respectively. Additionally, the highest inhibition of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed by ethyl a cetate fraction.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 1987

Local anesthetics were investigated for their effects on mitochondrial electron transport system, production of superoxide radical from submitochondrial particles and malondialdehyde production through lipid per oxidation. Local anesthetics had various effects on activities of enzymes in electron transport chain. The activities of NADH dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase were effectively inhibited by lidocaine, procaine and dibucaine but slightly influenced by cocaine. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase, succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase were inhibited by lidocaine and dibucaine, but the succinate oxidase activity was stimulated by local anesthetics. Both dihydroubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities were inhibited by local anesthetics. In these reactions, the response of Complex I segment to local anesthetics was greater than other Complex segments. Local anesthetics inhibited both the superoxide production from submitochondrial particles supplemented with succinate or NADH and the enhanced production of superoxide radicals by antimycin. The malondialdehyde production by oxygen free radicals was inhibited by local anesthetics. These results suggest that the inhibition of superoxide and malondialdehyde production caused by local anesthetics may be brought by suppression of the electron transport in mitochondria at sites in or near complex I segment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of two giant embryonic rices, Nampung giant embryonic rice and Hwachung giant embryonic rice, were investigated mainly focusing on their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge reactive oxygen species in comparison with those of general rice. The results showed that germination process increased reducing power, inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation and scavenging ability either on superoxide or hydroxyl radicals. Among the cultivars tested, increase in antioxidative action was found to be most prominent for Hwachung giant embryonic rice cultivar. For scavenging of superoxide radicals, the extract from Nampung giant embryonic rice has the most potent activity, however, increasing rate of scavenging activity by germination process was also found to be the greatest for Hwachung giant embryonic rice. We found that the scavenging mechanism for superoxide radicals was attributed to the direct scavenging of the radicals. The scavenging of hydroxyl radicals, the most toxic oxygen radical to biological system, by the rice extracts were also examined, and the results showed that either overall activity or the increasing rate of the activity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by germination process was the greatest for Hwachung giant embryonic rice. Moreover, the results suggested that the scavenging action to hydroxyl radicals might be mediated by direct quenching of the radicals, not by chelating $Fe^{2+}$. Further studies showed that the antioxidant action of the rice extracts tested in vitro was also operative for suppressing ROS production induced in TPA-stimulated HL-60 cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.777-783
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• 2014

Cathepsin D (CtsD), an aspartyl peptidase, is involved in apoptosis, resulting in the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria in cells. Here, we investigated microRNA regulation of CtsD expression in 3T3-L1 cells. First, we observed the expression of CtsD in cells in response to doxorubicin (Dox). As expected, the level of CtsD mRNA increased in 3T3-L1 cells exposed to Dox in a dose-dependent manner. The cellular viability of ectopically expressed CtsD cells was decreased. Next, we used the miRanda program to search for particular microRNA targeting CtsD. MiR-145 was selected as a putative controller of CtsD because it had a high mirSVR score. In a reporter assay, the luciferase activity of cells containing the CtsD 3'-UTR region decreased in cells transfected with a miR-145 mimic compared to that of a control. The level of CtsD expression was down-regulated in preadipocytes ectopically expressing miR-145 and up-regulated by an miR-145 inhibitor. Cells also suppressed miR-145 expression when exposed to Dox. The miR-145 inhibitor reduced the cellular viability of 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that miR-145 regulates CtsD-mediated cell death in adipocytes. These findings may have valuable implications concerning the molecular mechanism of CtsD-mediated cell death in obesity, suggesting that CtsD could be a useful therapeutic tool for the prevention and treatment of obesity by regulating fat cell numbers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.726-735
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the biological activities of polysaccharide extracted from the fruit body and cultured mycelia of Phellinus linteus IY001. All fractions were extracted by hot water, in the next, Fr. I, Fr. II, Fr. III and Fr. IV were polysaccharide obtained by ethanol precipitation or ultrafiltration. The highest antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 in ICR mice was observed in Fr. III and Fr. IV at the level 85%, but the antitumor activity had no connection with their anticomplementary activity in vitro, it might probably be due to extraction of hot water. All fractions promoted the production of nitric oxide and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in macrophage, addition of Fr. I and Fr. II resulted in production of nitric oxide$3(5.9{\sim}37.6\;{\mu}M)$ and of the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production($8,696.2{\sim}9,420pg/ml)$. All fractions inhibited the lipid peroxidation induced by $AsA/Fe^{2+}$, $ADP/NADPH/Fe^{3+}\;and\;CCl_4/NADPH$ in rat liver microsomes, and Fr. III showed the electron donating ability stronger than tocopherol in assay system using DPPH. From these results, it is suggested that all fractions contain immunoregulatory components which may protect cellular materials from the oxidative damages by their radical scavenging activities.