• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1997

The dust chute was a part of equipment in apartment which have been settled down as new residential style in this country since 1960s. However, the dust chute was destructed by results of social discussion, and it ended up old remains which cannot be found in new towns. Nowadays, chute was substituted a collecting system from extra collecting sites which were prepared near residential area. This phenomenon was caused by the poor separating collection. Since the early part of 1995, the whole vocal operating the volume-base charge system has been placed as the institution capable of recycling and separating collection of residential wastes in this country. People pursue the residential quality which is suitable to the Greenround period. Such a diverse effort corresponding to the social change can be also accomplished in the field of waste collecting transportation. In this paper, the local heating system and waste combustion site and hollow are already applied to the new residential area in the form of housing development. After investigating of the waste collecting transportation method in other countries related to such facilities, this paper represents the feasibility and applicability of pneumatic waste collection system which is used practically in the new housing complex and large facilities in other countries.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2000

BN films composed of c-BN(70%) and h-BN(30%) phases have been synthesized by the ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) process and stabilized by post-annealing. Boron was e-beam evaporated at 1.2 $\AA$/sec and nitrogen was ionized and accelerated at about 100 eV by the end-hall type ion gun. Substrates were negatively biased by DC 400 and 500 V, respectively, and heated at $700^{\circ}C$. Synthesized BN films were in-situ post-annealed at 700 or $800^{\circ}C$, respectively, for 1 hr without breaking vacuum. BN films without post-annealing were peeled off from substrates immediately when they were exposed to the air while those with post-annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ were stabilized. Post annealing reduced the film stress from 4.9 GPa to 3.4 GPa, but no considerable stress release in the c-BN phase was observed, contrary to previous reports that the stress relaxation in the c-BN phase is the main mechanism for the stabilization. Structural and chemical relaxation of non c-BN phase is supposed to be responsible for the film stress reduction and, in turn, stabilization, especially when the c-Bn content of the film is not high.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2006

The study was carried out to evaluate odor emission during storage time and quality of liquid slurry fertilizer along with three storage container types installed at farmer's fields in Cheorwon. Liquid slurry manure stored in the liquid-circulated or the air-injected tank was very homogeneous in concentration of nutritional elements because of well mixing operation, while nutritional concentration of the manure stored in the non-treated tank was significantly different from top to bottom in the tank, which may bring about partially irregular growth of plant after its application. The potential capacity of offensive odor emitted from liquid slurry manure stored in the liquid-circulated or the air-injected tank was much lower than that emitted from manure stored in the non-treated tank. Low potential capacity may less emit offensive odor after application of piggery liquid slurry on the field. The efficiency in oder to reduce odor emission from liquid manure was slightly higher in the liquid-circulated tank than the air-injected tank

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2002

We studied the optical and structural properties of conventional and ion-beam-assisted-deposition (IBAD) Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films which were evaporated by an electron beam gun. The vacuum-to-air spectral shift and the cross sectional SEM images of the Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films were investigated. The results show that the IBAD Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films have a higher packing density than the conventional Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films. The average refractive index of IBAD Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films was increased, while the extinction coefficient was decreased compared with the conventional films. As the oxygen flow was increased, the average refractive index and extinction coefficient of the conventional and IBAD films decreased. Both the conventional and IBAD Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films showed inhomogeneity in refractive index, and the degree of inhomogeneity of the IBAD Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films became larger as the ion current density was increased. All Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films were found to be amorphous by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and hence the crystal structure of Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ films was not changed by IBAD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2016

Background and Objectives : Vocal polyps are caused by inflammation induced by stress or irritation. Many patients with vocal polyps complain voice discomfort. For vocal polyps, surgery such as laryngeal microsurgery has been the mainstay of management. We analyzed the clinical features of vocal polyps, and how the size and location of vocal polyps affect the outcomes of surgery. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients from March 2014 to December 2015, who were diagnosed as unilateral single vocal polyp. When we operated on a vocal polyp with laryngeal microscopy, we measured their size and location. The quality of voice was evaluated by GRABS scale, jitter, shimmer, NHR (noise to harmonic ratio), MPT (maximum phonation time), and VHI (voice handicap index) before operation and 4 weeks after operation. Results : When we divided the patients into large-sized vocal polyp group (the longest length >3 mm) and small-sized vocal polyp group (the longest length ${\leq}3mm$), all parameter differences tend to be greater at large sized vocal polyp. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). When we divided into two groups depending on the volume of vocal polyp, no distinct tendency was found. When we compared the location (anterior, mid and posterior) of vocal polyp with the improvement of voice quality, more change was found at mid portion vocal polyp, except the difference of VHI. However, these differences were also not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion : All parameter differences tend to be greater at large vocal polyp and polyp of the mid location.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.792-797
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• 1999

The 8mol.%Y$_2$$O_3$-$ZrO_2$mainly employed as an electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) shows excellent electrical properties but has a weakness in the mechanical properties. Since the electrolyte of SOFCs requires both good electrical and mechanical properties, this study was conducted to meet both requirements. The electrolyte thin films were produced on the LSM(cathode material) substrate of a cell and Si wafer. Four electrolyte film types of single layer and the multiple layer, consisting of 3-YSZ(3mol.%$Y_2$$O_3$) with excellent mechanical properties and 8-YSZ with the excellent electric conduction, were produced by electron beam coating technology. Ther crystal structure and the mechanical properties were also analysed. As the results of the study, the 3-YSZ thin film turned out to be in the tetragonal, partially monoclinic phase, while the 8-YSZ thin film showed the cubic phase. The residual stress in the multiple layer was lower than that of the single layer. The microhardness of the multiple layer was similar to that of the existing 8-YSZ single layer both before and after annealing treatment.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.706-723
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• 2010

The impervious surface was frequently employed as a proxy of the total environmental burden in the urban area. The impervious surface was extracted from a satellite image and the GIS (Geographical Information System) database for childhood asthma hospitalizations was generated for a total of 62,136 children using the National Health Insurance database of South Korea. Children living in an impervious environment do result in almost twice as many hospitalizations (26.58%) for asthma, as compared to the sub-urban pervious living (15.82%). Furthermore, the risk zones with persistently high hospitalizations for three years were specifically identified over the impervious sub-district alone. The impervious zone showed a small inter-year variation of hospitalizations (r: 0.937) while the sub-urban pervious fringe was found to display a yearly variation(r: 0.371). The strong temporal autocorrelation means that the impervious areas have frequent long-lived hospitalizations for asthma, thus children living in impervious areas were likely to have had more chronic asthma attacks than those living in pervious areas. These experimental results indicate that an impervious surface as thematic parameter of analysis is a crucial explanatory variable for asthma hospitalizations and its longer persistence among children.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.396-401
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• 1997

Tailoring thoracoplasty is employed prior to, following, or concomitant with pulmonary resection when it is anticipated that insufHclent lung tissue will remain to fill the pleural space following a pulmonary resection. This study reviewed a series of eight patients treated with tailoring thoracoplasty between 1990 and 1995. Indications were to close a persistent space In four patients and to tailor the thoracic cavity to accept diminished lung volume concomitant with a pulmonary resection in the other four patients. The primary underlying disease was lung cancer in three patients and pulmonary tuberculosis In five patients, two of whom had concomitant aspcrgilloma, two, pneumothora , and one, empyema with bronchopleural fistula. In four patients with a prior pulmonary resection, the tailoring thoracoplasty was performed within eight days after the resection surgery. There was no failure to accommodate the thoracic cavity to insufficient lung tissue, even though two patients needed a second thoracoplasty. We conclude that tailoring thoracoplasty may be performed to close anticipated persistent pleural space and to accommodate diminished lung volume with acceptable cosmetic results Early, after, or concomitant with pulmonary resection in selected patients.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 2010

Amended at the Law of indoor air quality management open a court according to the test method and excess standard of the fluid building material were changed. It used the paint and the putty in the fluid building material from this research and comparison of amended and original method it led and in about change direction of amended standard with change of the emission rate who is caused by in the amended test method and excess standard it examined. The reduction emission rate about 45% decreases in the change of test period of the paint, there was not an effect of the emission rate whom it follows in change of dry time. Also change of the emission rate whom it follows in change of application quantity the product which above $5\;mg/m^2h$ has the high emission rate the change of the emission rate is big but there was not change of the emission rate from the products of that others. The putty the emission rate about 61% decreases in case in the change of test period, there was not an effect of the emission rate whom it follows at dry time. The emission rate about 164% increased with increase of application quantity. It tried to compare two test methods, it compared in the paint and putty all current test method it was relaxed the possibility of knowing the thing there was a standard.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.834-838
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• 2001

Attempts were made to improve mechanical properties of zirconia-based electrolyte by preparing yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia/alumina composite. It was performed by precipitating Yag precursor in aqueous m-zirconia slurry. The powder was separated and then followed by heat treatment with expecting yttria to react with m-$ZrO_2$ to give yttria stabilized zirconia and alumina to be dispersed homogeneously. When 17.8wt% Yag(6.3mol% $Y_2O_3$) was used, fracture toughness and strength were substantially improved from 1.44MPa${\cdot}m^{1/2}$ and 270Mpa for YZ8Y to 3.62MPa${\cdot}m^{1/2}$ and 447MPa respectively, but electrical conductivity at $^{\circ}$C in air was decreased from 0.126 to 0.057${\Omega}^{-1}cm^{-1}$. It seemed due to the presence of small amount of tetragonal zirconia. But when 21.58wt% Yag(8.0mol% $Y_2O_3$) was added, fracture toughness of 2.93MPa${\cdot}m^{1/2}$ and flexural strength of 388MPa were obtained with electrical conductivity of ${\Omega}^{-1}cm^{-1}$.