• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2012

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is most widely used in golf courses and athletic fields. Weakness of Kentucky bluegrass is shallow root zone and has weak tolerance to shade. One of the biggest disadvantages is high demand of water. Water content is important factor to maintain excellent color and quality of turfgrass. There are two irrigation methods which are 'deep and infrequent (DI)' and 'Light and frequent (LI)'. The objective of the study is to investigate Kentucky bluegrass growth treated by different irrigation frequency. Three irrigation frequency were made; no irrigation, every other day, and weekly. The same amount of water was used between every other day and weekly irrigation except no irrigation. No irrigation mean no artificial water supply and precipitation only. No irrigation treatment produced turfgrass quality lower than acceptable rating of six in July and August. Under the weather condition of 2011, no irrigation could not maintained acceptable turfgrass quality. No significant differences were found for Kentucky bluegrass quality between DI and LI.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2008

Toll-gate in highways often received the pollution impact from transportation/vehicular activities. Thus, concentrated pollutants carried by stormwater runoff are directed to nearby streams affecting the water quality and ecosystem. In order to determine the environmental impact on nearby waterbodies and predict the future impact by stormwater runoff, the unit pollutant loads from various landuses are really important. This research was performed to characterize the stormwater runoff and to provide the unit loads from Toll-gate landuses in Korea. The monitoring was conducted at toll gate locating in Gaeryoung City during 2006-2007. The water quality parameters including TSS, COD, DOC, TN, and TP were analyzed and also the flow rates were measured during the monitoring. In this paper, EMCs will be calculated by using the monitored water quality concetraions and flow rates, which will be used to determine the unit pollutant loads from the toll-gate of highway.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

This study was objected to identify the effect on water quality and contamination by non-agricultural facilities in 'A' reservoir watershed located in OO city, Kyounggi-do, Korea. Ground- and stream water samples showed (Na+K)-Cl, Ca(Cl, SO$_4$) and Ca-Cl type in an illegally discharging area of sewage and a densely industrial area indicating water contamination. Stream water of an illegally discharging area of sewage had high COD, T-N and T-P. In this area, direct incoming of sewage into stream water was induced ground water system by well pumping, and it made a progress of ground water contaminations with those components. Groundwater of a densely industrial area showed high concentrations of T-N, NO$_3$N. From a nitrogen isotope analysis, stream water of an illegally discharging area of sewage has ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$values of 0.7%0 was strongly affected by nitrogen originated from agrochemicals, and a densely industrial area of 19.7%0 from septic system. Ground- and stream water of a livestock fanning area were contaminated with NH$_3$-N and Mn, which was affected by intensive livestock facilities. SAR-conductivity plot indicates the water does not pose either alkalinity or salinity hazard for irrigation. COD, T-N, T-P, NO$3$-N, NH$_3$N and Mn concentrations from contaminated areas were diminished by mixing with 'A' reservoir water. There were no water contaminations in silver towns, vacationlands around reservoir and golf links. Consequently, it should be made a plan of systematic managements for past and- present possible contaminants and sewage systems in preventing water contamination by non-agricultural facilities.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2011

Creeping bentgrass (Agrosis stolonifera L.) is regarded to be the most widely used cool-season turf grass species grown on golf greens and fairways in temperate climates of North America. Creeping bentgrass is highly susceptible to the fungal disease 'dollar spot' caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Dollar spot is a foliar disease favored by conditions of high humidity, warm days, and cool nights. Studies using Aliette Signature (Fosetyl Aluminum formulated with a green pigment) mixed with another broad-spectrum fungicide do not always provide additional visual quality benefits compared to the fungicide alone. The exact mechanism for improved summer visual quality, when it occurs, is not known. Fertility management and environment likely contribute. The object of this study is to evaluate fungicide strategies for control of dollar spot and effect on visual quality during summer and on an L-93/G-2 creeping bentgrass green. Nine fungicide combinations were used for this study. Disease control and visual quality by fungicides was evaluated on an established G-2/L-93 creeping bentgrass green at 3-hole Sunshine Golf Course in Lemont, IL. All fungicide combination showed excellent dollar spot suppression except Fore throughout the study. Visual quality of greens by addition of Aliette Signature is enhanced when bentgrass growth is compromised and slow. Dollar spot levels in Fore plots increased to 30% on 14 August, and was no different than untreated plots. Unacceptable quality by Fore was due to lack of dollar spot control.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2009

In regional nutrient quota system, livestock manure was applied as liquid fertilizer after slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) process. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SCB liquid fertilizer on turfgrass growth in golf course during 6 month period from May to October in 2008. Fertilizer treatment was designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF; compound fertilizer), S-1 (1L SCB${\cdot}m^{-2}$) and S-2 (2L SCB${\cdot}m^{-2}$). Every treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In creeping bentgrass, turf color index, chlorophyll content, and dry weight were measured. Results were as follows; A seasonal change pattern of turf grass quality in all treatment increased in April $\sim$ June and September $\sim$ October, whereas it decreased in July $\sim$ August. As compared with NF, turf color index of CF, S-1 and S-2 increased by 1.8%, 1.8%, and 3.3%, respectively and chlorophyll content by 13%, 14%, and 20%, respectively. Dry weight of CF, S-1, and S-2 was higher than that of NFl by 7.7%, 18.2%, and 18.1%, respectively. For turf color index, chlorophyll content, and dry weigh, S-2 showed the best effect, followed by S-1 and CF in creeping bentgrass. These results indicated that the SCB application improves turf growth and quality.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

It has been known that Golf course could impose negative impacts on water-ecosystem if pollutant-laden runoff is not treated well. It is important to control non-point source and re-use treated wastewater from the golf course to secure water quality of receiving waterbodies. At golf courses, the rainfall-runoff is affected by various practices to manage grasses. In many hydrological modelings, especially in simple rainfall-runoff modeling, effects on runoff of plant growth and cutting are not considered. In the study, the water erosion prediction project (WEPP), capable of simulating plant growth and various management, was evaluated for its runoff prediction from golf course under grass cutting and irrigation. The %Difference, $R^2$ and the NSE for runoff comparisons were 1.15%, 0.93 and 0.92 for calibration, and 18.12%, 0.82 and 0.88 for validation period, respectively. In grass cutting scenario, grass height was managed to be 18~25 mm. The estimated runoff was decreased by 27%. The difference in estimated total runoff was 11.8% depending on irrigation. As shown in this study, if grass management and irrigation are well-controlled, water quality of downstream areas could be obtained.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to investigate the growth responses of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) as affected by prohexadione-calcium foliar application for the effective labour saving and cost down management in the lawn yard, field and golf course etc. The leaf growth of zoysiagrass treated with prohexadione-calcium one day after mowing was significantly slow compared to the untreated plot. And the effect was continued up to 50 days. The growth inhibition rate at the treated plot was 46 to 50% compared to untreated plot and the leaf widths treated with prohexadione-calcium were narrower than control plot. The change of leaf dry weight 10 days after prohexadione-calcium treated was significantly shown less speedy than untrated plot and the results were continued up to 40 days after application. The SPAD values of the leaf colour were increased in the treated plots and continued for 40 days more.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2011

The seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extracts and chitosan formulations were sprayed on species of creeping bentrgass (Agrostis palustris Huds) cultivar "Penn A1" and species of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) mixed cultivars (Midnight 33%, Moonlight 33%, Prosperity 33%) during fall season in sod farm. Turf color, chlorophyll contents and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to affect turf qualities were investigated. There were detected significantly difference on chlorophyll contents and DNVI with seaweed extracts and chitosan formulations treatments. The contents of chlorophyll and NDVI on species of Kentucky bluegrass mixed cultivars and species of creeping bentgrass cultivar "Penn A1" were significantly increased by foliar spray with chitosan formulations and seaweed extracts. There was not a significantly difference on leaf color in two species within cultivars. These results suggested that chitosan formulations and seaweed extracts may help for turfgrass managements in the golf course during fall season.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.51-77
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• 2006

Pond management is a critical part of overall golf course management, both during growth and maintenance modes of turf care. This study investigated 48 ponds in nine 18- or 27-hole golf courses to analyze the environmental characteristics of ponds. The research process had three phases: (1) inventory and analysis of grading plans and drainage plans, (2) field verification and interviews with greenskeepers, and (3) analyses of water quality and statistics. All data were collected from May to August in 2004. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. It is desirable to site a golf course in a small watershed with high watershed eccentricity to control storm water runoff efficiently and to minimize soil erosion during construction. 2. The siting and size of a pond should be determined through a land-use analysis of the watershed for the purpose of ecological management. The bigger the forest-to-golf course ratio, the better the water quality will be. 3. The size and capacity of each individual ponds varied and there were many somewhat longish rather than round ponds. 4. There were many differences among golf courses in naturalness of the ponds, and the correlation between naturalness and area of aquatic plants was very high. 5. Analyses of pond water quality indicated that the degrees of Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demanded and Suspended Solids were relatively low values but Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen were too high. Therefore a systematic approach is needed to solve e problem. Pesticide residues were not detected in all ponds. 6. Water depth and area of hydrophyte should be considered when designing an ecological pond. 7. All ponds used storm water as a main source of water supply and added underground water. Aquatic plants and physical methods such as water aeration and spray fountains were the main choices for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to discovered assessment items for improving athletic efficiency and management of golf courses. Through this, the study intended to provide basic data for creating competitive golf courses and management. Important assessment items were selected by inducing preliminary assessment items and conducting a preliminary survey and a main survey for specialists through a theoretical study. For the survey results studied, reliability and average value for importance were calculated using SPSS/PC Window Release 12.0. As assessment of importance by assessment area, in athletic efficiency assessment, course management level was the highest, followed by fairness of games and operation of games. In management assessment, importance of service level, information management, facility management, management of game assistants, etc. were high. As assessment of importance by assessment item, it was found that 'variety of golf shot' and 'the length of a course' were important in course layout. Also 'start interval among teams' and 'disturbance of play' were assessed as important items in game operation, while 'fair reservation' and 'rounding rotation time' were important in fairness of games. In addition, in information management, 'kind service of golf course staffs' and 'prompt reservation and notification' were found to be important assessment items. In facility management, all assessment indexes were over 4.0, which means all of them are important for quality of golf course and competitiveness. In membership service, 'appropriate price of goods for sale' and 'service for members' were relatively important assessment items. Further, in management of game assistants, 'qualifications and skillfulness of game assistants' was assessed as a very important index. Although the current study only selected important items to assess excellent golf courses, it is necessary to apply the study results to the actual sites and verify them for golf course both at domestic and abroad.