• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2023

골프장 건축 시 하부지반 구축을 위해 사용하는 잔석의 산화로 인해 중금속 용출이 발생할 수 있다. 용출된 중금속으로 인근 농업지역이 오염될 경우 인간의 식생활에 직접적인 영향을 미쳐 인체건강에 악영향을 끼칠 수 있다. 특히, 망간의 경우 식품을 통해 과다섭취할 경우 정신착란, 운동실조 등 다양한 신경학적 문제를 발생시키기 때문에 망간 오염에 대한 조사 및 관리는 필수적이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 최근 골프장이 건설된 부산시 일광 회룡리 일대 농업지역에서 망간 오염 평가를 위해 지표수, 퇴적물, 벼 작물을 채취하여 망간 농도 분석을 수행하였다. 골프장 유출조부터 시작되는 관개수로에서 지표수와 퇴적물 시료를 약 20 m 간격으로 채취하였으며, 관개수로의 구조에 따라 논을 4개의 구역(Area 1 - 4)으로 구분하여 논 토양과 벼 작물을 채취하였다. 벼 작물의 경우 뿌리, 줄기, 곡물 부분으로 나누어 채취하였으며, 퇴적물과 논 토양은 시료 내 존재하는 망간의 형태를 확인하기 위해 연속추출법을 통해 분석하였다. 분석 결과 지표수의 망간 농도는 골프장 유출조에서 하류로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 하류에서의 망간농도는 상류에 비해 최대 88% 감소하였다. 퇴적물의 망간 농도는 논으로 연결되는 지점에서 20,000 mg/kg 이상의 높은 농도를 보였으며, 농업이 진행 중인 3, 5, 7월은 최대 약 25,000 mg/kg의 농도를 보였으나, 농업이 끝난 9월에는 최대 약 3,500 mg/kg으로 상대적으로 낮은 농도를 보였다. 논 토양의 망간 농도는 관개수로와 첫 번째로 연결되는 Area 1에서 1,600 mg/kg으로 측정되었으며, 이는 EPA에서 권고한 논 토양 망간 기준 1,000 mg/kg을 초과하는 농도로 확인되었다. 또한, 식물이 사용할 수 없는Residual 형태의 망간 농도는 변화가 없었으나, 식물이 사용 가능한 Acid soluble, Reducible, Oxidizable 형태의 망간 농도는 추수기 이후 80% 이상 감소하였다. 벼 작물의 곡물 망간 농도는100 - 200 mg/kg으로 USDA에서 발표한 쌀 곡물 망간 농도의 평균인 5 mg/kg보다 약 20배 이상 높게 검출되었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 골프장 유출조로부터 발생하는 망간오염을 식별하고 주변 농업지역에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 추후 골프장 운영으로 인한 환경오염에 대한 관리가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.78-89
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• 2009

Overall 25~30 new golf courses are opening in Korea these days, and total annual rounds have been also increasing by 10~15% every year. The Korean golf industry is being recognized as the largest growing golf industry in the world. However, it is easily defined that there are many problems of golf course development and construction methods such as construction fees. The average construction cost for golf course development and golf course maintenance fees in Korea are much more than the cost in the USA and other countries. It may be due to the fact that USA golf course development is managed by a highly developed construction method and well trained specialists. This study will be concentrated on one of the major differences, which is about cart path material; this causes a big difference of construction and maintenance fees. In order to overcome this study, concrete and asphalt will be specified as the main cart path material. Also, some case studies and construction regulations of golf course development in the USA will be introduced for a better understanding of this study.

• Agrochemical news magazine
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• v.23 no.3 s.176
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• pp.50-52
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• 2002

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2011

Host plants of Popillia flavosellata (Coleoptera: Ruteridae) were investigated at the courses of three golf clubs, East Valley Golf Club, Anyang Benest Golf Club, and Anseong Benest Golf Club and their surrounded forests. In addition, seasonal occurrence was examined from East Valley Golf Club using Japanese beetle pheromone lure and a eugenol feeding attractant. Twenty six species of 25 genera in 18 families were recorded as hosts of P. flavosellata from given surveyed golf clubs. Out of them, 22 species of 21 genera in 15 families were newly recorded host plants of P. flavosellata. Thus, host plants of P. flavosellata were 49 species of 41 genera in 23 families in total including hosts from literatures. The main damage part of P. flavosellata adult was flower of host plants. Peak activity of P. flavosellata adult was observed around 20 June. Mean numbers of attracted P. flavosellata adults at the peak day were 197.6/trap/day in 2008 and 268.1 in 2010, respectively. Occurrence of P quadriguttata was much lower compared with P. flavosellata at the given golf club. That is, mean numbers of attracted P quadriguttata adults from the same trap at the peak: day were 0.4/trap/day in 2008 and 2010, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Occurrence of earthworms for turfgrass growing seasons and effect of earthworms by some plant extracts and plant oils in golf courses were investigated at the three locations golf courses in Korea 2005 to 2006. There were no differences in monthly occurrence of earthworm except Anseong Benest Golf Club, namely, Anseong Benest Golf Club was highly occurred in July in 2006. Density of earthworm was not different between fairway and rough in Dongrae Benest Golf Club (opened in 1971) while density was higher in rough than fairway in Anseong Benest Golf Club (opened in 1999) and Gapyeong Benest Golf Club (opened in 2000). In case of Gapyeong Benest Golf Club, earthworm density was higher in old courses than recently opened courses. Effect of plant extracts such as mustard oil, wintergreen oil, Quisqualis indica, Daphne genkwa, Pharbitis nil, Zingiber officinale, Xanthium strumarium, and Camellia sinensis on earthworm, mustard oil, wintergreen oil and tea saponin were highly toxic to earthworm, Eisenia andrei. In the pot experiment, 100% of Eisenia andrei was dead at the treatment of 500-fold of aquatic solution of tea saponin (12.4% a.i.).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2002

Host plants of Popillia quadriguttata (Fabricius) were investigated in golf courses, Fifteen plant species of 15 genera in 13 families were confirmed as host plants of P. quadriguttata. Thus, total number of host plants of P. quadriguttata was 26 species of 25 genera in 18 families including 11 recorded species in literature. In addition, P. quadriguttata adults fed on 30 plant species of 25 genera in 19 families out of the 69 plant species of 53 genera in 33 families supplied as food in laboratory, P. quadriguttata adults preferred Wistaria floribunda in golf courses but Tilia mandshuric, Platanus orientalis, Diospyros lotus, Punica granatum and Chionanthus retusa in laboratory.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1998

우리나라 골프장의 잔디 가해 해충과 천적을 조사하던 중 농림작물의 중요해충인 고구마뿌리혹선충을 Zoysia잔디에서 발견하였다. 고구마뿌리혹선충에 감염된 잔디는 새 뿌리가 발육하지 못하고 뭉툭하게 되어 황화현상과 함께 전반적으로 생육이 부진하였다. 감염된 잔디의 종은 들잔디(Zoyais japonica)와 금잔디(Zoysia matrella), 버뮤다글라스(Cynodon sp.)였다. 그리고 Z. japonica는 고구마뿌리혹선충의 새로운 기주로 기록된다. 조사 골프장의 대부분이 정도의 차이는 있었지만 피해를 받고 있었다. 잔디에서 뿌리혹선충이 기록되기는 우리나라에서는 처음이다.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 2009

The purpose of this study are to investigate the reasonable maintenance expense of golf course according to the size and management system of each golf course. The maintenance cost per hole per golfer of 29 golf courses and the maintenance cost for items and locations of 8 golf courses were analyzed. 1. As golfers per hole increased, maintenance cost per hole per golfer decreased. 2. The decisive cost factors for maintenance cost of golf course are the number of annual golfers, the total course size, the management system, and automation of course facilities. 3. Maintenance cost of golf courses contained the landscaping areas except for building and parking lots is $869^{\}/_{m^2}$ Korean won. 4. Average maintenance cost of 8 golf courses is $44,325,000^{\}/_{hole}$. 5. Labor cost marked the largest portion in the total cost. Among the items of labor cost, repair cost for green ball mark was the highest with the ratio of 26%(\4,163,000). 6. Material cost for Fairways which reaches 30% of the total area was composed of $22%{\sim}44%$ of the total cost of materials. Cost of imported fertilizers, pestcides for insects and diseases, and sands for top dressing was the highest. 7. Material cost for Green which reaches 2% of the total area was composed of $28%{\sim}36%$ of the total cost. Cost of imported products such as particle-shaped fertilizers, micro mineral fertilizers, and soil conditioners was the highest. 8. There is no difference in cost between chemical fertilizers and the environmentally friendly fertilizers even if environmentally friendly fertilizers using microorganism or chitosan materials are also expensive.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.26-34
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between golfer satisfaction and the diverse variables of golf course design and operation from the golfer's point of view. It was intended to reflect the various expectations and desires of golfers regarding golf course design and operation. The study was conducted on 119 golf courses in Korea, and 309 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results are summarized as follows. First, the most influential operational service variables on golfer satisfaction were "appearance of the golf courses", followed by "staff service", and "greens fee". Second, the most influential course design and maintenance factor variables on satisfaction were "course maintenance status", "teeing ground characteristics", and "landscape architecture". Third, based on the results shown in these two areas, a linear regression analysis was conducted to synthetically explain "operational service" variables and "course design and maintenance" variables. As a result, it was found that the explanation power of the synthetic model was 36.5%, and a model appropriateness test was found to be positive. As a result of a regression analysis of the synthetic model affecting golfer satisfaction, the most influential factors were "course maintenance status" followed by "landscape architecture", "tee characteristics", and "staff service". Regarding coefficient values, course maintenance status had an influence of 21.8% followed by landscape architecture at 20%, tee characteristics at 17.7%, and staff service at 15.5%. These results were found to be different from preceding studies that emphasized golf course operational service.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.323-334
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• 2018

Recently, increased water demand and frequent droughts caused severe water shortages in South Korea. Thus, reusing the reclaimed water is receiving attention as an alternative water source rather than depending on the conventional water supply. In South Korea, three types of water reuse are mainly applied, such as rainwater reuse, gray water reuse and wastewater reuse. In this study, the wastewater reuse was analyzed since the amount of treated wastewater is relatively constant over the year and typically the water quality is acceptable for reuse. In Yongin-si, there are 26 golf clubs, which is about 10% of entire facilities currently operating in South Korea. The golf courses consume significant amount of water for landscaping; thus, if the reclaimed water used, the economic, social and environmental benefits would be tremendous. This study estimates the economic benefits and costs when supplying the reclaimed wastewater for landscaping of golf courses as a case study in Yongin-si.