• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.133-137
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• 2010

Purpose: The main function of vitamin D is the mineralization of the brain by increase of calcium and phosphorus, in case it is insufficient in children, lime deposition on cartilage cannot occur so it leads to rachitis, and in adults, it leads to osteomalacia or osteoporosis. It is also strongly believed in the academic world that vitamin D can restrict the growth of cancer cells and prevent heart diseases, which is also somewhat proven in epidemiological researches. While the right density of vitamin D is still being studied, 20-32 ng/mL is believed to be the most ideal density. Therefore, I wanted analyze how much density of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 that Koreans possess. Materials and Methods: From February 20th, 2008 to April 21st, 2009, the collection of 2800 serums, from medical examination treated subjects by Neodin Medical Institute, have been tested. The targets were tested by 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (125I Kit: Diasorin, USA), and were analyzed by dividing into many different categories (gender, age, season, region). Results: The average density of male were 20 ng/mL, female 17.08 ng/mL. Per age groups, the density of males were as follows: 10~20-18 ng/mL, 21~30-17 ng/mL, 31~40-19 ng/mL, 41~50-21 ng/mL, 51~60-22 ng/mL, 61~70-22 ng/mL, 71~80-22 ng/mL and 81~90-19.9 ng/mL. Average density of females per age groups, were as follows: 10~20-16 ng/mL, 20~30-15.26 ng/mL, 30~40-16 ng/mL, 40~50-17 ng/mL, 50~60-19 ng/mL, 60~70-19 ng/mL, 70~80-19 ng/mL, and 80~90-17 ng/mL. Per seasons, From December to May, the subjects showed the density of 15.97 ng/mL, while from June to November, it showed 21.60 ng/mL. On density of males from January to April regionally, Seoul+Gyeonggi-Do-15.52 ng/mL, Gangwon-Do-15.33 ng/mL, Choongchung-Do-18.03 ng/mL, Jeonla-Do-18.68 ng/mL, Gyungsang-Do-18.76 ng/mL and Cheju Do-21.23 ng/mL. Conclusions: The vitamin D of Koreans is has been insufficient compared to the suggested amount. Ultraviolet rays, which is the main source of vitamin D is critical, therefore it is suggested that more outdoor activities can definitely help.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.339-348
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• 2006

Objective: With development of the skeletal anchorage system, orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) assisted on masse sliding retraction has become part of general orthodontic treatment. But compared to the emphasis on successful anchorage preparation, the control of anterior teeth axis has not been emphasized enough. Methods: A 3-D finite element Base model of maxillary dental arch and a Lingual tipping model with lingually inclined anterior teeth were constructed. To evaluate factors influencing the axis of anterior teeth when OMI was used as anchorage, models were simulated with 2 mm or 5 mm retraction hooks and/or by the addition of 4 mm of compensating curve (CC) on the main archwire. The stress distribution on the roots and a 25000 times enlarged axis graph were evaluated. Results: Intrusive component of retraction force directed postero-superiorly from the 2 mm height hook did not reduce the lingual tipping of anterior teeth. When hook height was increased to 5 mm, lateral incisor showed crown-labial and root-lingual torque and uncontrolled tipping of the canine was increased.4 mm of CC added to the main archwire also induced crown-labial and root-lingual torque of the lateral incisor but uncontrolled tipping of the canine was decreased. Lingual tipping model showed very similar results compared with the Base model. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that height of the hook and compensating curve on the main archwire can influence the axis of anterior teeth. These data can be used as guidelines for clinical application.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 1995

Purpose : This is a retrospective analysis for pattern of failure, survival rate and prognostic factors of 114 patients with histologically proven invasive cancer of the uterine cervix treated with definitive irradiation. Materials and Methods : One hundred fourteen patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix were treated with a combination of intracavitary irradiation using Fletcher-Suit applicator and external beam irradiation by 6MV X-ray at the Ewha Womans University Hospital between March 1982 and Mar 1990. The median age was 53 years(range:30-77 years). FIGO stage distribution was 19 for IB, 23 for IIA, 42 for IIB, 12 for IIIA and 18 for IIIB. Summation dose of external beam and intracavitary irradiation to point A was 80-90 Gy(median:8580 cGy) in early stage(IB-IIA) and 85-100 Gy(median:8850 cGy) in advanced stage(IIB-IIIB). Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival rate and multivariate analysis for progrostic factors was performed using the Log likelihood for Weibull Results : The pelvic failure rates by stage were $10.5{\%}$ for IB. $8.7{\%}$ for IIA, $23.8{\%}$ for IIB, $50.0{\%}$ for IIIA and $38.9{\%}$ for IIIB. The rate of distant metastasis by stage were $0{\%}$ for IB, $8.7{\%}$ for IIA, $4.8{\%}$ for IIB. $0{\%}$ for IIIA and $11.1{\%}$ for IIIB. The time of failure was from 3 to 50 months and with median of 15 months after completion of radiation therapy. There was no significant coorelation between dose to point A($\leq$90 Gy vs >90 Gy) and pelvic tumor control(P>0.05). Incidence rates of grade 2 rectal and bladder complications were $3.5{\%}$(4/114) and $7{\%}$(8/114), respectively and 1 patient had sigmoid colon obstruction and 1 patient had severe cystitis. Overall 5-year survival rate was $70.5{\%}$ and disease-free survival rate was $53.6{\%}$. Overall 5-year survival rate by stage was $100{\%}$ for IB, $76.9{\%}$ for IIA, $77.6{\%}$ for IIB $87.5{\%}$ for IIIA and $69.1{\%}$ for IIIB. Five-rear disease-free survival rate by stage was $81.3{\%}$ for IB, $67.9{\%}$ for IIA, $46.8{\%}$ for IIB, $45.4{\%}$ for IIIA and $34.4{\%}$ for IIIB. The prognostic factors for disease-free survival rate by multivariate analysis was performance status(p= 0.0063) and response rate after completion of radiation therapy(p= 0.0026) but stage, age and radiation dose to point A were not siginificant. Conclusion : The result of radiation therapy for early stage of the uterine cervix cancer was relatively good but local control rate and survival rate in advanced stage were poor inspite of high dose irradiation to point A above 90 Gy. Prospective randomized studies are recommended to establish optimal tumor doses for various stages and volume of carcinoma of uterine cervix, And ajuvant chemotherapy or radiation-sensitizing agents must be considered to increase the pelvic control and survival rate in advanced cancer of uterine cervix.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in aboveground flora and underground flora between a forest road and a forest edge and to clarify each characteristic through ecological approach to a forest road. The study site was the forest planted with Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla, and located at an altitude of 45m($36^{\circ}36'23''N127^{\circ}21'45''E$). The width of the forest road is 3.2m. This research set the forest edge within the areas 5m away from the forest road and also conducted a survey on vegetation 5 times from september 2006 to August 2007. In addition, it installed thirty six quadrats to make an analysis of reclaimed soil seed bank. Soil amounting to 600$cm^3$ was collected from each quadrat using soil samplers(100$cm^3$),which was preserved in low temperature refrigeration for a month. Soil was thinly strewed evenly on trays and watered every four or five days; then, this research did experiment for six months until no more germination took place. Through this process, this research identified species and counted the number of germinating individuals by using emerging seedlings. The research result showed that on the whole, the similarity index between aboveground flora and underground flora was low. The correlation coefficient between the aboveground flora vegetations both on the forest road and on its edge was found to be 0.36, showing a correlation with each other(p<0.05). On the other hand, the correlation coefficient between underground flora vegetations through the analysis of reclaimed soil seed bank was 0.20, showing no correlation with each other(p>0.05). As the survey result of naturalized plants, there existed 7 species of naturalized plants on the forest road in case woody plants were included, showing 11.11% naturalization rate and 2.61% urbanization index(UI). On the other hand in case woody plants were not included among the naturalized plants, the naturalization rate on the forest road was 12.50% while the naturalization rate on the edge of the forest was 9.09%.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.4 s.105
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• pp.303-312
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• 2004

An unfavorable tipping movement can occur during the retraction of anterior teeth because orthodontic force is loaded by brackets positioned far from the center of resistance. To avoid this unfavorable movement, a compensating curved wire or lingual root torque wire is used. The purpose of this study is to investigate, using photoelastic material, the distribution of initial stress associated with the retraction of the incisors according to the degree of the compensating curve, to model changes associated with tooth ud alveolar bone structure. The following results were obtained by analysis of the polarizing plate of the effects of initial stress resulting from retraction of the anterior teeth: 1. When the incisors were retracted using combination archwire or sliding mechanics, the maximal polarizing pattern of the apical area decreased as the degree of the compensating owe increased from 0 to 15 to 30. 2. When the incisors were retracted by the combination archwire or sliding mechanics, the maximal polarizing pattern of the canine and premolar area increased as the degree of the compensating curve increased from 0to 15to 30. 3. A lower degree of polarizing patterns were associated with the combination archwire technique than the sliding mechanics technique at a given force. The above results indicate that there is no significant difference between the combination loop archwire technique and sliding mechanics, for the retraction of maxillary anterior teeth with decreased lingual tipping tendency by a compensating curve on the arch wire. However, the use of sliding mechanics is more effective for the prevention of lingual inclination of the anterior teeth, because the hook used in sliding mechanics is closer to the center of resistance of the maxillary anterior teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.843-852
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• 2010

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HADs) and anthocyanins in corn (Zea mays L.) have recently been reported to have anticarcinogenic, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-melanogenic activities. Five HADs and anthocyanins in corn were quantified by HPLC according to cultivars and heat processes. In addition, major anthocyanin of a black waxy corn was isolated and identified by several instrumental analysis, and its content was also quantified by HPLC according to heat processes. Of the ten corn cultivars, five waxy corn cultivars had moderate five HADs contents except "Baksa" waxy corn with higher two free cinnamic acids (FCAs), p-coumaric and ferulic acids. In contrast, three dent corn cultivars contained higher levels of three polyamine conjugates (PCs), CFP, DCP and DFP, and especially "P3394" had the highest amount of the three PCs. Two sweet corn cultivars had generally intermediate HADs levels between waxy and dent corn cultivars. Of the three colored-waxy corns, a black Mibaek waxy corn had the highest anthocyanin content. During heat processes, levels of two FCAs in the black waxy corn generally increased, whereas no significant change on three PCs contents was observed except the puffing process. Roasting, retort and puffing processes significantly increased two FCAs and especially, the puffed black waxy corn had the highest amount of FCAs. Meanwhile, most heat treatments except retort process, considerably decreased total anthocyanin contents, and especially the puffed black waxy corn had nearly no anthocyanin. Level of one major anthocyanin, pelargonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) isolated from a black waxy corn was appreciably decreased by heat treatments except retort process, which greatly increased P3G content. These results suggest that the retorted black waxy corn may be a promising high quality functional corn product.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.889-896
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• 1996

Aggressive revascularization of the ischemic lower extremities in atherosclerotic occlusive diseases or acute embolic arterial occusion due to cardiac valvular disease by thromboembolectomy or an arterial by- pass operation has been advocated by some authors. To evaluate clinical pattern and operative outcome of the ischemic lower extremity, surgical experience in 101 patients who were admitted to Dong-A Univer- sity Hospital between March 1990 and August 1995 was analyzed. The patients were 92 males and 9 females ranging fro 25 to 87 years of age. The underlying causes of arterial occlusive disease were atherosclerotic obliterances in 54 case, Buerger's disease in 20 cases, thromboembolism in 24 cases, vascular trauma in 3 cases and pseudoaneurysm in 3 cases. - The major arterial occlusive sites of atherosclerotic obliterance were femoral artery in 30 cases, iliac artery in 23 cases, popliteal artery in 10 cases, distal aorta in 6 cases and the major arterial occlusive sites of Buerger's disease were posterior tibial artery in 14 cases, anterior tibial artery in 8 cases, popliteal artery in 5 cases. The operative procedures of arterial occlusive disease were bypass graft operation in 61 cases, thromboembolectomy in 21 cases, sympathectomy in 20 cases. Arterial bypass operations with autogenous or artificial vascular prosthesis were done in 61 cases which Included femoro-popliteal bypass in 21 cases, femoro-femoral bypass in 15 cases, axillo-bifemoral bypass in 7 cases, aorto-bifemoral with inverted Y-gr ft In 3 cases, femoro-profundafemoral bypass in 3 cases, popliteo-tibial bypass in 2 cases, aorto-iliad bypass in 1 case Over all postoperative patency rates were 83.6 oyo at 1 year, 75.5% at 3 years and limb salvage rate was 86.8 oyo . Six patients died in the hospital following vascular surgery for ischemic lower extremities, although the causes of death were not directly related to the vascular reconstructive operative proccedures. The leading causes of death were in the order of multiple organ failure, acute renal failure, and sepsis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.988-994
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• 1998

Background: Chest wall tumors can classified into soft tissue tumors and bone tissue tumors and can be subclassified into benign and malignant tumors. Materials and methods: We report an analysis of 68 patients with primary chest wall tumors treated at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery at Hanyang University Hospital from January, 1973 to September 1997. Results: Among a total of 68 patients 33(48.5%) were males and 35(51.5%) were females. The ages of the patients ranged from 10 to 79 years with a mean age of 39.3 years. According to the age distribution, 23 patients (33.8%) were from the 4th decade, 12 patients(17.6%) were from the 6th decade, and 10 patients(14.7%) were from the 5th decade. Among the primary chest wall tumors, 53 cases were benign and 15 cases were malignant. Among the benign tumors, 17 cases(32.1%) were in the 4th decade and among the malignant tumors, 6 cases(40%) were in the 4th decade. In both malignant and benign tumors the most common ages were in the 4th decade. The most common tumors were fibrous dysplasia and chondroma, each with a total of 14 cases(26.4%). Osteochondroma and lipoma each had 8 cases(15.1%). Among malignant tumors, osteosarcoma was most common with 8 cases (53.3%). According to location, 49 cases occured in both bone and cartilage tissue, 19 cases occurred in cartilage. Among the presenting symptoms, palpable mass was present in all cases. Fifty-one patients complained of tenderness and among cases with involvement of the lung, 3 patients had complained of respiratory distress. Among the malignant tumors 6 cases underwent a radical operation and 4 cases of benign tumors underwent a radical operation. Postoperativly, there was one case with recurrence from a desmoid tumor. There were no deaths postoperativly and no deaths due to complications(and their postoperative courses were uneventful). Conclusions: Most patients with primary chest wall tumors initially present with mass at admission. Resection is sufficient treatment for benign tumors but in malignant tumors wide resection of the chest wall is needed and mchest wall reconstruction.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to improve the classification system of sub-divided land cover map among the land cover maps provided by the Ministry of Environment. To accomplish the purpose, first, the overseas country land cover map classification items were examined in priority. Second, the area ratio of each item established by applying the previous sub-divided classification system was analyzed. Third, the survey on the improvement of classification system targeting the users (experts and general public) who actually used the sub-divided land cover map was carried out. Fourth, a new classification system which improved the previous system by reclassifying 41 classification items into 33 items was finally established. Fifth, the established land cover classification items were applied on study area, and the land cover classification result according to the improvement method was compared with the previous classification system. Ilsan area in Goyang city where there are diverse geographic features with various land surface characteristics such as the urbanization area and agricultural land were distributed evenly were selected as the study area. The basic images used in this study were 0.25 m aerial ortho-photographs captured by the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII), and digital topographic map, detailed stock map plan, land registration map and administrative area map were used as the relevant reference data. As a result of applying the improved classification system into the study area, the area of culture-sports, leisure facilities was $1.84km^2$ which was approximately more than twice larger in comparison to the previous classification system. Other areas such as transportation and communication system and educational administration facilities were not classified. The result of this study has meaningful significance that it reflects the efficiency for the establishment and renewal of sub-divided land cover map in the future and actual users' needs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to provide basic informations for restoring a habitat of Nannophy pygmaea Rambur. Environments and flora of the habitats were investigated in Youngdong, Sanbuk, and Nongam South Korea. The habitats were abandoned paddy fields with tree-unshaded space and with the water depths of about 2 - 10 cm all the year round. The water quality was recorded 5.44 - 7.33 in pH, 0.017 - 0.480 dS/m in EC, 1.34 - 4.94 mg/L in T-N and 0.06 - 0.46 mg/L in T-P. The pH and EC showed a wide range values, and T-N and T-P showed a high values comparatively. This result implies that a water quality does not important as the condition for a habitat of the species. A total of 86 vascular plant taxa belonging to 35 families, 60 genera, 67 species, 2 subspecies, 14 varieties and 3 forma were recognized in the habitats. Twenty two species (25.6%) overlapped among the habitats; Equisetum arvense, Salix koreensis, Persicaria thunbergii, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Hypericum laxum, Kummerowia striata, Epilobium pyrricholophum, Oenanthe javanica, Mosla dianthera, Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica, Plantago asiatica, Eupatorium lindleyanum, Juncus diastrophanthus, J. effusus var. decipiens, J. papillosus, Aneilema keisak, Alopecurus aequalis, Arthraxon hispidus, Carex dickinsii, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Eleocharis acicularis for. longiseta and E. congesta. Biological type was determined to be HH-R5-D4-e(t) type; HH 39 taxa (45.3%), R5 42 taxa (48.8%), D4 59 taxa (68.6%) and e (or t) 23 taxa (26.7%).