• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 1999

1. 연구 목적 한국의학사(韓國醫學史)의 한 분야인 식품사(食品史) 및 약물사(藥物史)는 미개척분야라 해도 과언은 아닐 정도로 연구 업적이 부족하다. 특히 식물명칭에 대한 정리는 기초학문이지만 방치되어진 것도 부인할 수 없다. 따라서 본고는 식품문화사(食品文化史)를 정리하는 과정중의 일환으로 고추의 어원(語源)을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 이는 식품사(食品史) 연구에 도움이 되는 동시에 체질식이요법을 강조하는 사상의학(四象醫學)의 식품 분류에 대한 학술적 근거를 제시하는 계기로 삼고자 한다. 1493년 콜럼버스에 의해 알려진 고추는 우리 나라에 들어와 천초(川椒)대신 사용됨으로서 현재 중요한 양념이 되었다. 이에 고추의 도입과정과 호칭변화를 살펴봄으로서 현재 사전류에서 잘못 서술되고 있는 것을 시정하고, 고추가 도입된 이래 우리가 어떻게 이해하고 응용하였는 지에 대하여 문헌고찰을 통하여 의학사적(醫學史的) 입장으로 정리하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 2. 연구 방법 "산림경제(山林經濟)"(1715), "임원경제지(林園經濟志)"(1827)같은 농서(農書), "물명고(物名考)"(1830), "오주연문장전산고(五洲衍文長箋散稿)"(1850) 같은 유서(類書), "훈몽자회(訓蒙字會)"(1527), "신증유합(新增類合)"(1574)같은 사전류, "지봉유설(芝峰類說)"(1614), "성호사설(星湖僿說)"(1763)같은 문집류, "흠정수시통고(欽定授時通考)"(1737), "본초강목습유(本草綱目拾遺)"(1765)같은 중국본초서(中國本草書) 등과 국내의서 등 을 통하여 고추에 대한 문헌정리를 시도하였다. 3. 연구 결과 고추가 도입된 이래 남만초(南蠻椒), 남초(南椒), 번초(番椒), 왜초(倭椒), 왜고초(倭苦椒), 왜개자(倭芥子), 고초(苦椒), 랄가(辣茄), 고쵸, 등으로 표기되어 왔다. 하지만 고추가 도입되기 전에 출간된 "구급간이방(救急簡易方)"(1489)에 '초(椒) 고쵸, 죠피'라는 기록이 나온다. 이는 천초(川椒)(초피나무)를 의미하는 '고쵸'로 보아야 한다. 후에 고추가 도입됨에 따라 의미가 변하여 고추를 의미하게 되는데 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현존하는 문헌 중 고추에 대한 최고기록인 "지봉유설(芝峰類說)"(1614)에 근거하여 고추(남만초(南蠻椒))는 임진왜란때 일본에서 도입되었다는 것이 정설이었다. 하지만 임진왜란 이전에 일본을 통하여 고추가 도입되었고 이의 개량종을 오히려 임진왜란때 일본으로 전해주었을 가능성이 높다. 둘째, 현재 대부분의 사전류에서 "훈몽자회(訓蒙字會)"(1527)의 '고쵸 쵸(초(椒))'를 고추에 대한 최초의 어원으로 보고 있으나 이는 잘못된 것이다. "훈몽자회(訓蒙字會)"의 '고쵸(초(椒))'는 고추가 아닌 매운 열매의 총칭으로 호초(胡椒), 천초(川椒), 진초(秦椒)를 의미한다. 이는 "구급간이방(救急簡易方)"(1489)의 천초(川椒)를 의미하는 '초(椒) 고쵸'에서도 확인할 수 있다. 셋째, 현재 대부분의 사전류에서 고추의 한문표기가 고초(苦草)로 되어 있으나 고초(苦椒)로 정정되어져야 한다. 초(草)(상성(上聲))와 초(椒)(평성(平聲))는 발음은 같지만 성조(聲調)가 다르며, 또한 "본사(本史)"(1787)에 고초(苦椒)와 고초(苦草)는 서로 다른 식물로 기록되어 있다. 넷째, 고초(苦椒)는 '고쵸'라는 우리말에 맞추어 만든 국자(國字)로 고추가 천초(川椒)와 비슷하지만 맵고 쓰다라는 뜻으로 사용된 것이다. 다섯째, 맵고 뜨거운 성질이 있는 고추는 냉증(冷症)을 유발시킬 수 있는 냉성(冷性)야채를 중화(中和)시키는 작용을 한다. 여섯째, 고추는 소음인 식품의 경향성을 띈 훈채류에 속한다.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2008

In this study, the potential anti-aging properties of Prunella vulgaris extract were investigated. According to our results, Prunella vulgaris extract increased collagen synthesis(74.7% at 250 ${\mu}g/mL$) and decreased on MMP-1 synthesis(90.2% at 200 ${\mu}g/mL$) and elastase activity(43.7% at 2.0%). Furthermore, it also showed free radical scavenging activity(76.9% at 2.0%) and reduced $H_2O_2$-induced cytoxicity(49.9% at 2.0%). A double-blind clinical study to investigate the effect of Prunella vulgaris extract on the skin's surface was conducted with 22 healthy volunteers, aged 34 to 48 years. The volunteers applied a cream formula with 4.0% of Prunella vulgaris extract, or placebo cream, on each crow's feet twice a day for 12 weeks. Skin wrinkles were evaluated with the naked eye and instrumental image analysis of silicone replicas, followed by statistical analysis. Twelve weeks after application of cream formula with 4.0% of Prunella vulgaris extract, we found significant improvement of facial wrinkle. Moreover, silicone replica analysis confirmed notable improvement in average of R2 and R3 at 12 weeks(p<0.05). These results demonstrate that Prunella vulgaris provides a remarkable and significant tensor and anti-wrinkle effect on the skin, which could be of great use in anti-aging skin care products.

• Review of Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2007

Effects of prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix on plasma lipid composition and histological consideration were investigated in hyperlipidemic rats. Concentration of plasma ${\beta},-lipoprotein$ showed a tendence to decrease in prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups. However these values were showed not significantly different from control group. Concentration of plasma FFA in prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups showed a lower values compared to control group and concentration of plasma FFA of prunella vulgaris L. and pueraria Radix treatment group showed a lower values than prunella vulgaris L. and chrysanthemum indicum L. treatment group. Concentration of plasma glucose and triglyceride showed a tendence to decrease in prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups. However plasma glucose values showed not significantly different from control group. Plasma total cholesterol concentration showed a low and HDL-cholesterol concentration showed a high in prunella vulgaris L. and pueraria Radix treatment group. However LDL-cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different in treatment groups. Histological consideration of heart, liver and kidney in prunella vulgaris L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups showed a good features in fat accumulation condition than those of other treatment groups. However in the condition of high fat accumulation in tissues, heart, liver and kidney were showed a slight congestion and a bashed cell nucleus.

• 식품문화 한맛한얼
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.5-27
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• 2009

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2001

Cancer chemoprevention refer to the use of natural or synthetic substances to prevent the initiational and promtional events that occur during the process of carcinogenesis. The effect of Prunella Herba Vulgaris L. Aqua-acupuncture Solution (PVAS) and Prunella Herba Vulgaris L. Water-extracted Solution (PVWS) on the induction of phase II detoxification enzyme (quinone reductase, Glutathione S-transferase) and inhibition of phase I enzyme (cytochrome P4501A1) and benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation was examined. PVAS is potent inducers of quinone reductase activity. Glutathione levels were increased with PVAS, in cultured murine hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells. In addition glutathione S-transferase levels were increased with PVAS. However, there was 45.2% inhibition in the activity of cytochrome P4501A1 enzyme with the treatment of PVAS, $5{\times}$. At concentration of $1{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ of PVAS, the binding of $[^3H]B[a]P$ metabolites to DNA of NCTC-clone 1469 cell was inhibited by 25.3%, 45.0%, respectively. These results suggest that PVAS has chemopreventive potential by inducing quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities, increasing GSH levels, inhibiting the activity of cytochrome P4501A1 and benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.245-258
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• 2008

Five triterpenic acids as marker compounds were extracted and isolated from Prunellae Spica by column chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their purity was determinated by HPLC (purity ${\geq}90%$). Molecular weight and elemental compositions of the five marker compounds were determined by fast atom bombardment high-resolution mass spectrometry (FAB-HRMS). The structural determination of the five marker compounds was carried out fast atom bombardment collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (FAB-CID-MS/MS). The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated molecules $[M+H]^+$ and deprotonated molecules $[M-H]^-$ produced diverse product ions due mainly to retro Diels-Alder reaction (RDA), dehydration and decarboxylation. Moreover, the CID-MS/MS spectra of the $[M-H]^-$ ions were observed charge-remote fragmentation (CRF) patterns. On the basis of interpretation of CID-MS/MS spectra, structural elucidation of triterpenic acids isolated from Prunellae Spica was clearly performed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.161-162
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• 2014

"홍재전서"의 초의 종류에 나온 촉초(蜀椒), 진초(秦椒), 단초(丹椒), 대초(大椒), 호초(胡椒)의 공통적인 특징이 고쵸로 확인됨에 따라 고쵸를 언해한 한자 초(椒), 고초(苦椒), 번초(蕃椒), 남만초(南蠻椒), 만초(蔓椒)를 살펴본 결과, 초의 종류는 다양하고, 이 초(椒)는 고추를 의미함을 알 수 있었다. 현재에도 고추의 품종이 다양한데, 과거로부터 외국과의 교류를 통한 다양한 고추가 국내에 유통되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1422-1427
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• 2011

This study was performed to develop effective antithrombotic agents from traditional herb extracts. Prunella vulgaris L. has been used traditionally as a medical resource in cancer therapy, as well as treatment of hypertension and inflammation, and as a diuretic. However, the effects of Prunella vulgaris on thrombosis and platelet activation have not been clearly understood. Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of oriental medicinal herbs were investigated by evaluating the effect of the aqueous extract from Prunella vulgaris on the blood coagulation, platelet aggregation and fibrinolysis. Prunella vulgaris extracts showed effective anticoagulant activity in coagulation times such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT). Prunella vulgaris also inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. In addition, evaluation of fibrinolytic activity showed that the Prunella vulgaris extracts have high solubility. From these results, it is suggested that Prunella vulgaris can be a potential candidate for anticoagulants and antiplatelets, as well as fibrinolytic agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1425-1432
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of water, ethanol and methanol extracts from root, stem and flower stalk of Hagocho (Prunella vulgaris). The solvent extract yields from root were higher than those from stem and flower stalk, and water extract showed the highest extraction yield against ethanol and methanol extracts. The contents of total phenolic and flavonoid in ethanol extract were significantly higher in stem extract compared with those of root and flower stalk. In the case of water and methanol extracts, however, the contents were the highest in flower stalk. The electron donating ability and reducing power in all test groups were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, and antioxidant activities were the highest in methanol extract. In extracts from different parts of Hagocho, the antioxidant activity was the highest in flower stalk followed by stem and root. ABTS radical scavenging ability of water and methanol extracts was above 50% at $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. Antibacterial activities did not show significant differences depending on parts of Hagocho. However, antibacterial activity of ethanol extract was higher than those of other extracts.