• 공연문화연구
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• 제19호
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• pp.88-123
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• 2009

경산자인단오제는 1971년 중요무형문화재 제44호 '한장군놀이'로 지정되었다가 2007년 '경산자인단오제'로 명칭이 확대 변경된 영남지방의 지역축제이다. 그러나 처음에 일부분만 지정함으로 말미암아 각 분야별로 연결성이 없는 혼합체처럼 전승되었고, 고증에서도 소외되어 많은 문제를 안고 있다. 경산자인단오제의 주된 분류는 큰굿, 여원무, 호장굿, 한묘제, 자인팔광대 등 5분야로 나뉘어지는데, 이제 분야별로 문제를 살피고자 한다. 1. 큰굿 1) 큰굿의 절차와 내용의 문제 : 대구·경산지역 굿의 특성 2) 현재의 굿연행자 외에 지역 전통굿을 연행할 수 있는 무녀의 유무 3) '큰굿'의 명칭의 문제 : 예, '한장군굿' 아니면 그대로 '큰굿' 4) 큰굿 전후에 영신과정과 송신과정이 없는 단오제의 문제와 복원방안 2. 여원무 1) 여원무와 여원화의 본질 2) 여고생 수백명이 하는 매스게임의 문제 3) 여원무의 기원과 전승에 대한 고형논의 3. 호장굿 1) 호장굿의 배역구성의 변천과정 2) 호장굿의 동선구조와 성격 3) 호장굿의 명칭과 성격의 문제 4. 자인팔광대놀이 1) 창작한 마당극과 유사성 문제 2) '팔광대'라는 명칭 문제 3) 일반적인 탈놀이의 진행구조와 다른 점 4) 춤사위와 몸짓이 영남지방 탈춤과 다른 특성 이상과 같은 경산자인단오제 연행의 종합적인 개선방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경산자인단오제의 복원은 전통성이 확실한 인접 단오제와 별신제의 연행방식을 벤치막킹(bench-marking)하자는 것이다. 둘째, 경산자인단오제의 중심 콘텐츠(contents)는 '한 장군굿'으로 축제의 주도 역할은 굿이 담당해야 한다. 셋째, 한국 축제의 구조적 원리를 수용하고, 연행방식과 연행원리를 전통 연행물과 일치시켜야 한다. 넷째, 경산자인단오제는 예술과 민속과 축제가 종합적이고 총체성을 띤 문화제인 만큼, 각 분야를 연계하고 유기적으로 연행 시나리오(scenario)를 재구성하자는 것이다. 다섯째, 올바른 전승과 책임있는 연행을 위해서는 분야별 예능보유자와 전수교육조교를 폭넓게 인정해야 한다. 여섯째, 전통축제의 재현과 더불어 다양한 축제 레퍼토리(repertory)를 찾아내고 개발하고 지역 경제에 도움이 되는 관광상품 개발과 체험활동의 기회를 제공하는 등의 스펙터클(spectacle)화해야 한다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.4-19
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• 2014

조선시대 공신교서는 국가의 특정한 사건에 공을 세운 공신을 포상하기 위하여 발급하였다. 공신으로 녹훈(錄勳)된 가문에서는 이 공신교서를 가보(家寶)로서 후대에 전승하였다. 그러나 이 과정에서 전란 등의 피치 못할 상황 속에서 소실되는 경우가 발생하기도 하였는데, 이러한 경우 국가에서 다시 교서를 발급해 준 사례가 남아있다. 현전하는 공신교서 중에서 확인되는 재발급 교서는 박동량 호성공신교서, 구굉 정사공신교서, 박정 정사공신교서 3점이다. 본 연구에서는 이상 3점에 대한 문서양식과 장황에 대해 검토하였다. 재발급 공신교서는 원본 공신교서와 동일한 양식, 곧 평출(平出)과 대두(擡頭) 등을 준수하여 작성하는 것으로 나타났다. 단, 원본 공신교서와는 달리 재발급된 시점에서 공신의 신분에 변화가 있을 때는 이를 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 정사공신교서의 경우는 원본 공신교서는 '정원군 부(定遠君 ?)'가 재발급된 시점에는 인조의 아버지가 되었기 때문에 '원종대왕휘(元宗大王諱)'로 나타났다. 또 재발급 정사공신교서의 경우 '김자점(金自點), 김련(金鍊), 심기원(沈器遠), 심기성(沈器成)'과 같이 역모에 의해 삭훈된 경우는 원본 문서대로 작성을 하고 먹으로 검게 삭거(削去)한다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 서사자의 경우도 원본 공신교서는 국가에서 지정한 선서자가 작성하는 반면에, 재발급의 경우는 그 공신 가문의 선서자가 문서를 필사한다는 새로운 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 공신교서의 장황(粧?)은 물자를 조달해야 하는 조정의 경제적 상황, 배접장 등 실제 제작에 관여한 장인의 기호와 기술 등에 따라 시대적으로 변모한다고 할 수 있는데, 이 3점의 경우 모두 병자호란으로 그 원형이 소실된 상황이었으므로, 재발급본과 최초 발급본의 장황이 달랐을 가능성이 크다. 이와 관련해서 교서 제작과정에 대한 의궤의 기록, 최초 발급본과 같은 시기에 제작된 공신교서와 비교해 본 결과, 재발급본은 최초 발급본에 비하여 장황의 형태나 비율이 커진 것으로 보인다. 우선 변아(邊兒)의 폭은 2배 정도 넓어지고, 중앙좌우회장(中央左右回粧) 역시 평균 2cm이상 커진 형태이고, 하회장(下回粧)의 경우도 평균 10cm 넓어졌다. 상회장(上回粧)과 하회장(下回粧)의 비율은 최초 발급본의 경우 상회장이 하회장에 비해 1.5배 정도 넓고, 재발급본의 경우 거의 1:1의 비율을 갖추고 있었다. 상축(上軸)의 단면은 박동량 호성공신교서의 경우 현재의 반달형태가 아닌 부등변삼각형의 형태였을 것으로 추정되며, 구굉과 박정 정사공신교서 축(軸)은 단면의 모양은 같지만 크기가 작아진 형태일 것이다. 축수(軸首)는 크기에 큰 변화가 없고, 오색다회(五色多繪)는 최초 발급본이 재발급본에 비해 그 폭이 훨씬 좁았을 것으로 추정된다. 재발급본 3점은 제작시기가 같은 보사공신교서(保社功臣敎書)의 장황 형태를 고증할 수 있는 실마리를 제공한다. 현전하는 보사공신교서 중에 제작당시의 장황을 갖추고 있는 것이 확인되지 않은 상황에서 중요한 자료라고 할 수 있겠다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.4-19
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• 2016

이순신(李舜臣)이 임진왜란 중 조정에 보고한 장계(狀啓)가 그 당시와 후대의 등록(謄錄) 형식에 따라 3자에 의해 등서되어 현재 장초(狀草), 계초(啓草), 계본(啓本) 등으로 전한다. 특히 전라좌수영의 수군절도사로 재직할 때 작성된 "임진장초(壬辰狀草)"는 대표적인 장계로 많이 알려졌다. 최근에 분실되었다가 소재가 확인된 "충민공계초"는 "임진장초"와 함께 후대의 이순신 장계류에 전범이 될 만큼 사료적인 가치가 매우 높은 국보급 유물이다. 그러나 이 책이 이순신 관련한 새로운 책인지 아니면 기존에 분실되었던 장계별책인지 불분명한 상태이다. 이에 본고에서는 이에 대한 서지적인 고찰을 통해 관련 내용을 고증하였다. "충민(忠愍)"은 이순신이 사후에 사용했던 명칭이었고, 1662년에 장계가 등서되어 "충민공계초"가 완성되었다. 여기에는 "임진장초"에 없는 12편이 더 들어있는데, 그간 분실된 것으로 알려진 장계별책에도 "임진장초"에 없는 12편이 더 들어 있었다는 점이 서로 일치하는 점이다. 특히 1928년 일본인들이 촬영한 사진 11장의 형태와 내용이 "충민공계초"에 들어있는 12편과 완전 일치한다. 조선사편수회에서 이 책을 "별도로 초사(抄寫)한 계초(啓草) 1책"이라고 한 점, 이 책의 12편으로 장계를 보충한 점, 홍기문과 이은상이 장계초본에 기존 "임진장초"에 없는 12편이 더 들어있다고 한 점, 조성도가 12편을 따로 별책본으로 분류한 점 등은 12편이 들어있는 장계별책을 "충민공계초"라고 할 수 있는 근거가 되어준다. "충무공계초"는 편수가 총 62편이므로 12편이 더 들어있는 분실된 장계별책으로 보긴 어려울 것이다. "충무공유사"의 "충무공계본"은 모두 16편이다. 본문에는 이두문이 그대로 실려 있고, 뒤의 3편은 "충민공계초"원문과 동일하다. 지금까지 이두문이 그대로 실린 것은 1935년에 간행된 조선사편수회의 "임진장초"가 유일했는데, "충무공계본"의 간행된 시기가 오히려 이를 앞서는 것으로 추정된다. "충민공계초"가 장계별책이라는 것에 대한 반론은 이은상이 "장계등본 별책의 일기 1장"이라고 한 말에 근거한다. 1953년 설의식이 "이순신수록 난중일기초"에 "무술일기" 초고 사진 1장을 도판으로 처음 소개하였다. 이은상도 "무술일기"에 장계초본 별책 속의 친필 일기초 2면을 첨가했고, 다시 "장계 등본 별책 끝에 최후 10일 동안의 일기 한 장"과 "별책부록"이라는 말을 사용하였다. 이 의견은 설의식이 정확한 출처를 모르고 소개한 "무술일기" 초고 사진 1장"에서 비롯한 것이다. 이은상은 "충무공유사"를 장계관련 책으로 잘못 파악하고 "장계등본 별책의 일기 1장"이란 말을 하였다. 이는 실제 원본상황과 다른 잘못된 견해이므로, 굳이 이를 정정한다면 "충무공유사의 일기 1장"이라고 해야 한다. 따라서 일기 1장이 딸린 장계별책은 존재하지 않는 것이므로 반박의 근거가 잘못된 것이다. 요컨대 "임진장초" 이외의 모든 장계들을 장계별책이라 할 수 있겠지만, 지금까지 통상 지칭되었던 장계별책에 유독 12편이 더 실려 있다고 한다. 이 점이 다른 장계류와 차별화된 점이다. 그러므로 여러 장계이본 중에서 유일하게 12편이 더 수록된 "충민공계초"가 기존에 알려진 장계별책이라는 견해에 더 무게가 실릴 것이다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.56-67
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• 2019

성경에 쓰인 에셀나무(Tamarix aphylla)의 올바른 명칭문제를 고찰하기 위해서 식물의 형태분류학적인 특성 분석, Tamarix속에 대한 상징성 고찰, 한국고전과 중국고전에서의 용례 분석, 그리고 한중일 성경에 나타난 에셀나무 번역상에 나타난 문제점에 대한 고찰 결과는 다음과 같다. 식물분류학적으로 Tamarix속 유사종의 구별은 잎과 꽃의 형태로 구분하지만, 그 크기가 2-4mm 정도로 매우 작기 때문에 육안으로 구분하기 어렵다. 그러나 이스라엘 광야에 분포하는 T. aphylla와 중국과 한국의 T. chinensis는 가지가 처지는 모양이나 개화기간에서 확연한 차이점을 나타내고 있다. Tamarix속은 고대 메소포타미아와 한(漢)나라에서는 궁궐 안뜰에 심을 정도로 귀한 나무였고, 고대 이집트에서는 죽은 사람에게 생명을 주는 나무로 여겼다. 또한 성경에서는 아브라함이 하느님께서 함께하심을 드러내는 계약의 표지로, 예언자 사무엘을 상징하기도 하고 사무엘의 법정을 상징하였다. 한국고전 용례를 통해서 볼 때 Tamarix속은 이미 조선시대에 일반화된 용어로 쓰였는데 '정류(檉柳)'는 의학적인 용어로 많이 쓰인 반면에, '위성류(渭城柳)'는 문학적 용어로 쓰였다. 중국의 본초서 가운데 정류(檉柳)와 관련된 문헌들의 연대와 명칭을 고증한 결과에 의하면 모두 16개 용어가 쓰였는데, 이 용어들 가운데 중국 성경에 쓰였던 '수사류(垂絲柳)'라는 단어는 없었다. 또한 당나라 왕유(王維 699-759)의 시 때문에 생겨난 '위성류(渭城柳)'라는 단어도 없었고, 오히려 주나라와 관계있는 '하류(河柳)'라는 용어가 많이 쓰이고 있다. 그런데 현재 사용하고 있는 중국의 학술용어를 조사해 보면 '수사류(垂絲柳)'와 '정류(檉柳)'가 대등하게 나타나기 때문에, 중국성경에서 에셀에 관한 번역은 '수사류(垂絲柳)'로 하던지 '정류(檉柳)'로 하던지 문제가 없어 보인다. 일본성경은 명치역 "구신약전서(舊新約全書)(1887)"에서 'やなぎ(버드나무)'로 번역하는 오류가 있었는데, "구어역(口語譯) 성서(聖書)(1955)"부터 'ぎょりゅう(정류(檉柳))'로 번역하고 있다. 그러나 일본에서 'ぎょりゅう(정류(檉柳))'는 야생종이 아니라 에도시대 도입종이라는 주장이 있기 때문에 용어 설정을 재검토할 필요성이 있다. 한국고전 용례분석에서 나타난 것과 같이, 한국의 T. chinensis는 약용 및 관상용으로 일찍부터 한반도에서 생육하였을 가능성이 매우 높다. 그러므로 한국 성경에서 의약학 용어인 '정류(檉柳)' 사용하거나 혹은 문학적인 용어인 '위성류'를 사용하더라도 큰 문제는 없을 수도 있다. 그러나 '위성류'라는 용어는 중국에서 조차 사용빈도가 극히 낮은 용어이고, 조선시대 문학하던 분들의 모화사상과 연결될 수 있는 부분이므로 이 용어 사용에 신중한 검토가 필요하다. 그러므로 성경에서는 논란이 있는 용어를 사용하기 보다는 히브리어로 음역하여 '에셀나무'라고 하는 것이 타당하다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.211-250
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• 2007

1. The 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金娥), Yoshida Koton(吉田篁墩) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li '(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 1739${\sim}$1798) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai, Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 1749${\sim}$1787) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論) and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯) 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai 's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋司"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue", "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Rits(森立之 1807${\sim}$ 1885) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai, a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("神農本草經"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"(神農本草經) and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"("枳園隨筆") that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"("說文解字") to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據). Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬 1804${\sim}$1876) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai, and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園). He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi" and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan" but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 912-955) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 1755-1810) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi" and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi" are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng" is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"("素問識"), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan lu Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"("難經疏證"), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"("疾雅"), "Ming Yi Gong An"("名醫公案"), and "Yi Ji Kao"("醫籍考"). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), Yuan Jian(元堅 1795-1857) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(樂匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素間紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"(傷寒廣要), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("該腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(失數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', 'the founding of Ji Shou Guan and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai ' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.1-40
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• 2008

1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩 $1745{\sim}1798$) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li'(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 $1739{\sim}1798$) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(伊澤蘭軒) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai(澀江抽齋), Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 $1749{\sim}1787$) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論") and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(伊澤蘭軒) and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋詞"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue"("金匱要略"), "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Ritsi(森立之 $1807{\sim}1885$) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken(伊澤蘭軒) and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai(狩谷掖齋), a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"("神農本草經") and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"(枳園隨筆) that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"(說文解字) to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據), Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬, $1804{\sim}1876$) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai(安積艮齋), and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園), He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju"("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi"("金匱要略疏義") and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan"(老醫巵言) but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 $912{\sim}955$) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 $1755{\sim}1810$) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi"("傷寒論輯義") and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi"("金匱要略輯義") are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng"("醫勝") is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"(素問識), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan Ju Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"(難經疏證), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"(疾雅), "Ming Yi Gong An"(名醫公案), and "Yi Ji Kao"(醫籍考). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), Yuan Jian(元堅 $1795{\sim}1857$) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(禦匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素問紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"("傷寒廣要"), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("診腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(矢數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', the founding of Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.